【可汗學院】歐洲史（全16講）公開課 P11 - 11.11. 第十節 半島之戰

在第四次的聯盟的視頻中 我忘記了加上一個非常重要的結果 就是在俄羅斯和俄羅斯的協議中 尤其是在俄羅斯和俄羅斯的協議中 我已經說過 俄羅斯是一塊砌起來的 俄羅斯是一塊令人羞恥的 俄羅斯是一塊將其取消 從前代的權力中取消 而我所說的就是 俄羅斯西部的地區 西部的東部 就在那裡 但是就像那樣重要 俄羅斯的東部 所有的地區 讓我看看 所有的地區 就在這裡 這也被俄羅斯取消了 成為了一個法國航空公司 成為了俄羅斯大使館 俄羅斯大使館 所以我只想強調 俄羅斯和俄羅斯的協議 在俄羅斯的東部 也被砌起來了 俄羅斯基本上 失去了一半的大小 所以俄羅斯的協議 是非常令人羞恥的 或是俄羅斯的協議 從此來看 我們在上一段視頻中說過 在第四次聯合國的結束時 尼泊爾人 已經接近了他的權力 他已經做了所有的事情都做對了 他有著一個穩定的上升的力量 在他 在 或者說法國的力量 是有著一個穩定的上升的力量 但是我們在這段視頻中看到的 至少是尼泊爾人的下降的開始 你不會 你不會看到地區 因為從地區的角度來看 你會看到他在這段視頻中 他其實在獲得地區 但他將開始做一些行動 使他被阻止 所以我們在上一段視頻中說過 我們說過這整個概念 地球系統 尼泊爾人對於歐洲地區的人 被欺負 不和英國交易 他認為這是唯一的方法 將英國的浮在海中的權力 或者將英國 或許將英國 總體的權力被阻止 所以他非常 我們說過 在塔利班的協議中 他讓俄羅斯參與地球系統 So he wanted everyone to buy into it And one party that at this point We're talking about we're in 1807 now We are in 1807 now One party that wasn't all that keen In participating in the continental system Was Portugal That's Portugal right there So Napoleon goes and chats Well, they didn't chat directly But he gets the agreement of the king of Spain This is Charles IV And he's going to look like a bit of a fool in this video So this is Charles This is Charles IV Napoleon says, hey Charles Let's go in there Let's go into Portugal That little upstart country That doesn't want to participate In the continental system You and me, we'll invade together We'll bring them into kind of our Realm of influence And we can both kind of pillage the lands And get the wealth of Portugal Charles IV, he's all up for this So a combined French and Spanish force Invade Portugal So in 1807 This is the end of 1807 It's actually October Write this down in October You have a combined French and Spanish invasion Invasion of Portugal And they are able to take Portugal But we're going to see that it's reasonably temporary Now I just mentioned that this guy Is going to look like the fool of this video And the reason is Is because with the excuse of reinforcements Obviously to get to Portugal You have to go through Spain So with the excuse of sending in reinforcements Napoleon in 1808 This is in 1808 And now we're talking about early 1808 In particular in March So with the excuse of sending in reinforcements To support the Portugal campaign And Spain's like, oh you're my ally Yeah sure Send those 100,000 of troops Right through our territory We're not going to worry about it And with that excuse Napoleon was able to send 100,000 troops And occupy Madrid So this is one of those lessons Of never get too greedy This guy got greedy Wanted to help Napoleon Or even I guess the other lesson Is be careful who your friends are This guy wanted to invade Portugal But the side effect of it Is that Madrid gets occupied And that actually he gets dethroned And so you have this situation here The French are now in control of Spain In May of 1808 And this is really going to be The first little spark That is kind of the downfall of Napoleon In May 2nd 1808 A popular uprising starts in Madrid Cinco dos de Mayo So popular uprising in Madrid Popular uprising And at the same time A little bit after that So you can imagine This is a hugely tumultuous time You have this I guess occupation of Portugal With the excuse of reinforcement In March the French troops occupy Madrid Occupy Madrid Then in May So a couple of months later A popular uprising starts in Madrid This leads to popular uprisings Throughout Spain But at the very same time is this This is a little bit after the uprising In May Napoleon says This is just a little uprising I'm still in control of Spain He appoints his other brother Remember this whole business He's putting his brothers In charge of different parts of the empire He puts his brother Joseph He appoints his brother Joseph Or you could kind of say He inserts his brother Joseph As the king of Spain King of Spain So this is all in kind of early, mid 1808 Spain is in all of this turmoil A new king has been appointed Who's Napoleon's brother The old king is no longer in charge You have an ongoing battle in Portugal They don't have a firm hold on Portugal just yet And in the rest of 1808 The uprising that occurs throughout Spain Is actually pretty successful In enforcing the French troops to retreat So French retreat So then there's a French retreat And a major, I guess, aspect of this Uprising is it's one of the first Real national uprisings in history Where people are saying We are Spanish We do not like being controlled by the French We do not like how they have treated our royalty We as a nation are going to rise up And the other interesting aspect Of this whole uprising That starts in Madrid with Dos de Mayo But then it starts continuing Throughout the whole nation Is the idea of guerrilla warfare Guerrilla warfare Not gorilla warfare Guerrilla warfare And this comes from the Spanish for little war Guerrilla, not from the large ape And what it implies You've probably heard the word on the news before Is kind of a non-conventional style of fighting Where small little groups Kind of engage their enemy In very non-traditional styles So it becomes a very painful At least for Napoleon's forces It became very difficult Fighting these non-conventional battles All over Spain So they were able to force the French to retreat Napoleon says, gee, you know what If you want a job well done You've got to do it yourself So Napoleon comes in at the end of the year And then he retakes Madrid So December of 1808 In December Napoleon back in Madrid Back in Madrid Now you might say all is fine and well Now Napoleon is back here He has firm control of Spain But not everything is good Because as you could imagine There's all these other characters here That keep forming coalitions For and against Napoleon I mean even when they say that they're allied You know in the back of their minds They can't wait until they can Declare the next war on Napoleon So in 1809 Austria declares war And since Great Britain Is in at this point in time Perpetual war with France This becomes the fifth coalition Declares war And this is the fifth coalition But this one is fairly short-lived Napoleon says Gee I got these guys on my eastern front Austria is re-declaring war on me So he leaves Spain to go lead that fight And he leaves 300,000 of his best troops In Spain to hold Spain And frankly this is the most important Side effect of the fifth coalition Is that it makes Napoleon go to fight Austria To lead that effort As opposed to worrying about Spain And essentially by doing that It allows And I don't know if it's necessarily The fact that Napoleon wasn't there But it could be Because Napoleon wasn't there Is that Spain just becomes A major thorn in Napoleon's side This guerrilla warfare Just continues on and on and on And it just goes back and forth And the French will win a battle And they'll win another battle But they still don't have control And these guerrillas will kind of Peck at them and continue the uprising And this really just drains the French army And really just gets at them Little bit by little bit Really over the remainder of Napoleon's reign So all the way until 1814 We haven't gone over that yet But this occurs all the way to 1814 So I said at the beginning of the video This is one of the starting points Of Napoleon's downfall And that's just because He was just stuck in Spain He was just stuck in Spain from 1808 on Just continuing to have to send troops And supplies and reinforcements and wealth To support what they call The Peninsular Campaign And it just drains him It drains his resources It drains his energy And it really hurts his ability To fight wars with all of the other people Who he needs to fight wars with This is one of the major downfalls The other one which we'll probably talk in Either the next video or a video after that Is his invasion of Russia Which he does in 1812 And that's super That one could debate Which one drains France's resources more But the invasion of Russia Really decimates Napoleon's forces And really makes him susceptible To really conquest by England And all of the other allies And we're going to see that In a couple of videos So you have this Peninsular Campaign Continuing to drain Napoleon He was, it all started Because he wanted to enforce The continental system on Portugal And he got a little bit greedy And he also wanted to conquer Spain And just to highlight Why it's called the Peninsular Campaign This right here, a little bit of geography This is called the Iberian Peninsula Right there that I'm circling So you could call it The Iberian Peninsula Campaign Because it's everything that's going on On this peninsula in Spain and Portugal Iberian Peninsula Now if we back up a little bit Back to 1808 Where we had this uprising in Spain And they were able to push the French back At the same time You also had a popular uprising in Portugal In late, roughly in the fall In the late summer or fall of 1808 The British got excited They saw it as their chance To push Napoleon out of Portugal So you have this gentleman right here Sir Arthur Wellesley He's a future Duke of Wellington And he's eventually going to be responsible For pushing Napoleon out of Spain entirely Or at least out of Madrid So this is Sir Arthur Wellesley He, him and along with the British And along with the Portuguese Are able to push the French out In August of 1808 So let me put this in my Not so neatly drawn timeline here So December, Napoleon is back So right before that in August August out of Portugal And this is another motivation For Napoleon to say Gee, you know what Things aren't going well On the Iberian Peninsula I have to take charge of things myself Now at the very same time As all of this is happening And this is really just kind of out of interest You could imagine that Well, it's more than out of interest Because it actually has Huge global repercussions You might say, OK, well, OK You have this Iberian Peninsula Spain is going back and forth Between the French and the guerrillas And Portugal has this whole situation Where their king was dethroned But then the British help and take it back But you could imagine that These nations are in just a super state of flux In a super state of flux Now you could also imagine I mean, the king of Spain Wasn't just the king of Spain He was king of the Spanish Empire And the Spanish Empire This, I mean, the main landmass Of the Spanish Empire was in the Americas So this right here That was the Spanish Empire at the time This was a 400-year-old Spanish Empire All from, you know, starting with You know, Columbus sailing the ocean blue in 1492 You had this huge Spanish Empire And one of the really important side effects Of Napoleon invading Spain And having this long Protracted engagement in Spain Is it catalyzed the ability Of these colonies at the time To start looking for their independence And we're going to do whole videos on that In the future But this really is one of the things That allowed them to get independence You know, obviously if the empire is in flux These guys can say, hey, gee, we don't have, you know Why do we have to listen to that nation anymore Then we don't even know who's in charge there At the same time, same thing in Portugal Brazilian independence didn't come Until a little bit later after this period But this is, Napoleon's invasion Is what really sparked the beginning Of a lot of turmoil in Portugal And that eventually is one of the causes That leads to the eventual independence of Brazil That doesn't happen for another 10 or 15 years But this is, you could imagine This is where a lot of that action Can be traced back Now, another interesting point That occurred around this time And actually I didn't tell you What happened on the fifth coalition I said Austria declared war Obviously Britain was already at war So it was the fifth coalition Napoleon had to leave That maybe made Spain a little bit harder To hold for France And that's why it kind of bled France slowly But Napoleon was able to take care of Austria And then he was able to take A little bit more land from them Actually Galicia, this area of Austria Was given to the Duchy of Warsaw Which was a French satellite state And then Austria once again had to say Oh gee, Napoleon, we're your friend We're going to do whatever you ask us to So you can imagine at this time Land-wise, the empire of Napoleon Seemed pretty dramatic You know, you could include Spain here Although he had to spend a lot of resources To keep Spain And then now we had Austria At least was in the fold You know, Prussia was not really happy about it But this whole area here Kind of the western half of Poland Was under French control Germany, you know, the Confederacy of the Rhine Which is now Germany And then a good bit of Italy The Kingdom of Italy Was also a French satellite state But Napoleon, of course, you know He wanted everyone to participate In the continental system That's the only way to really strangle England And the Papal States Were not participating in the continental system So the Papal States right there Were not participating in the continental system So they, you know, he sent some people over To kind of try to convince them to And when they didn't They occupied the Papal States So French troops occupied the Papal States And then once again, this was still back in 1808 This was actually early 1808 It's just on a different front So in February up here in 1808 Actually that's before they even occupied Madrid So in 1808, February French troops occupy Papal States They essentially give them over To the Kingdom of Italy Which at that time was a French satellite state So it's almost like annexing into France And then once the Fifth Coalition was done with Napoleon felt so good about himself That he formally annexed the Papal States to And then now we're in 1809 He formally The Papal States are actually annexed Into the French Empire Papal States annexed Now you can imagine that the Pope Wasn't that happy about this This is the Pope at the time This is Pius VII Pius VII He wasn't so happy about it So he excommunicates Napoleon And I'll do a whole video on excommunication But it's really about as bad As something you could do to someone Within the powers of the Catholic Church And by implication You're no longer part of the Church And you will probably go to hell now At least if the Pope has anything to do with it So Napoleon wasn't happy about this He sent some people, some officers Once again, talk to the Pope about it Say, hey, gee, why do you want to excommunicate Napoleon Why don't you just play nice Why don't you just agree to whatever Napoleon says The Pope doesn't agree And so he gets abducted This is why it's interesting Napoleon, he's not afraid to take some serious action So he gets abducted in 1809 By French officers Abducted in 1809 By French officers And it's not clear It's not obvious that Napoleon told them to do it But once he was abducted And they actually started shuttling him around All around France Depending on who needed to talk to him Or if he was afraid that the British Might try to free him from one port They would send him someplace else But it wasn't clear that Napoleon ordered this But he never ordered his release So in some ways You've got to say that it was sanctioned by Napoleon So all of this mess starts Napoleon's messing with the Pope He has this ongoing bleeding going on in Spain And that ends actually in 1812 Where Sir Arthur Wellesley finally retakes Madrid But during this whole period You can imagine it's really draining into The resources of the French Empire