拿破仑战争系列 拿破仑在埃及（合集）

In May 1798 a massive French expeditionary force sailed across the continent 55 000 soldiers sailed across more than 300 ships Leading 13 ships Sailed past the strongest ship 120 guns Lorient sailed past President Napoleon Bonaparte France received new orders in the Italian War He will lead an army eastward to Egypt the wealthiest city of the Omman Empire to educate all Europeans a mysterious and wonderful ancient land Six years after the European war France faces its final enemy the British Empire The European war will pose a serious threat to Britain by hindering their trade in the East and threatening their connections in India and the East These favorable trade networks helped motivate the British war It will extend France's counter-revolutionary and civilizing mission to the Egyptians freeing them from jealousy and oppression by France's corrupt and miserable regime This network has gained two additional benefits Opportunity to gain great wealth also gained shocking widespread and intense presidency far away from Paris where lies and violence are not far from anyone's eyes Napoleon was surprised he did so much to promote and organize himself this was an opportunity to gain new glory walking in the footsteps of the heroes of Brita For example Hize and Alexander Like Alexander Napoleon even had the humorous idea of going to India to attack its hero He told his secretary Brian that Europe was a vast mountain We must move forward for the East That was the greatest honor ever gained in history The Middle East is a dangerous water for France France's army achieved great victories on land But Britain's identity was calmed by the main navy at that time The enemies of France Spain Saint Vincent and South Africa and Canberra Germany achieved a determined victory The new president Hallesio Napolione and his 14 fleets are now in the state of Bauloria Napoleon knew that a huge French army was on the move but he did not know its destination which remained a closely guarded secret The aircraft carrier was not detected flying south along the Italian coast On September 9th it arrived at the island which was ruled by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire It was a religious military order that returned to the Republic of China But the French decided they wanted an aircraft carrier And the British ship In 1565 the emperors withstood a massive European army within three months Now being bullied by locals and torn apart the emperors abandoned Naples within two days Within six days in Malta Napoleon overthrew his harsh regime established schools abolished slavery and obtained money and supplies Then he flew to Egypt left the headquarters and the 5000-strong fleet to resist the island but where was the emperor's army Napoleon's army was scattered by the Yunnanese in May He has now reorganized He correctly guessed Napoleon's destination and is now pursuing him If he could capture the French ships and warships he could ensure the destruction of Napoleon's army Then France got a lucky break On the night of the 22nd Napoleon's army crossed several kilometers into France but due to heavy fog and darkness people nearby did not even realize others were there The British army flew to Alexandria They could not find the French signal The accumulated Napoleon waited for 24 hours He went north to continue his investigation Several hours later the first ship of Naples arrived in Alexandria Napoleon realized that the British warships were in the area He wanted to leave as soon as possible 5 000 French warships sail out to sea The next morning they collide with Alexandria and quickly take control The remaining French forces land safely Napoleon brought 38 000 troops to Egypt mainly Italian soldiers five armies respectively led by Bon Dessay Kleber Menoux and Rainier led the fleet The single fleet was led by Thomas-Alexandre Dumas the first black general in France Born in present-day Italy he was a French leader and an enslaved African man who had gained honor in Italy the Russians called him the Black Devil and Italy has more familiar figures Napoleon's captain is an unbeatable president Berthier And military leaders President Murat Lan and Marmo The military also has 167 scientists scholars artists and professionals even hot air balloon artists they are collectively known as Savants To study the history and natural wonders of Italy But they and Naples the city of historical magic whose architecture from Alexander has over decades of earthquakes and neglect become a chaotic city inhabited by six thousand people Italy was ruled by the European empire in fact the strength came from local Mamluk warriors especially two Murat Bey and Ibrahim Bey Mamluks were originally slaves They once served the Islamic Church Excellent horses and fearless soldiers They now control the Islamic Church Seizing their property Abandon their property in poverty For most Muslims they are weak foreign leaders and Napoleon hoped to take advantage of this situation with clever propaganda he claimed I come to restore your rights To punish the weak I pray to God His protection And the Quran At the same time Murat and Ibrahim called on Mamluk warriors to go to the tomb of Al-Ashra in Qairo Here they agreed to assemble an army to deprive the enemy Napoleon believed that his best option was to fire quickly before his army arrived less than a day and he began to advance towards Cairo But he misjudged the brilliant climate and the desolate wasteland He pressed forward fiercely even as his soldiers who had escaped the water were also drawn in by the desire Hundreds collapsed How many died How many killed themselves To escape pain Bedouin's horses Surrounded the French Like a wall People holding hands Were taken away Was tortured Was murdered Even old friends like Lan and Mila participated in the lively discussion about Napoleon's decision The army needs four days to cover the 45-kilometer Daman River there they can rest drink and trade this is not too early a time for news to emerge The Mamluks are advancing under Lake Mir in the south to the west the French are advancing to meet them at Soubrahite at the tip of the Kowloon Peninsula 4 000 Mamluk horses came to watch the French admire their colorful clothing adorned with gold and silver and their various weapons Grenades sword bracelets Mila praised he will cut off the Frenchmen's heads like cutting fruit in the forest But for their clothing and grenades the Mamluks had no training or strategy to fight a modern army when Napoleon formed his army into a large circle The Mamluk's horse can only bravely circle around unable to break through the wall of French horses The sound of gunfire erupted Two hours later the Mamluks launched an attack and then retreated They suffered nearly a thousand losses The French almost lost a man Victory was the soldiers of Napoleon under the difficulties of the forest Mamluks returning to Mbeba a small town on the edge of the Nile river near the Kairo river here Watching over Egypt 's fabled pyramids 9 miles to the south They will face the invader with their full force On the sweltering afternoon of the 21st of July Napoleon's forces approach Mbeba He has 25 000 men organized into 5 large divisional squares with cavalry and baggage inside and cannons at every corner Murad with characteristic boldness has crossed to the west bank of the Nile leaving Ibrahim behind Their forces total many thousands but sources disagree wildly on just how many His elite Mamluk cavalry 6 000 strong are deployed between the small village of Biktil and the well-fortified town of Mbeba which is garrisoned by a mix of Ottoman infantry and peasant militia Napoleon's plan is simple to drive through the enemy centre and crush their right flank against the river At 3:30 pm Desai and Renier's divisions begin their advance But as they move across the broken ground their formation becomes disordered Murad spots his chance and unleashes his cavalry The Mamluks thunder forward at lightning speed Desai and Renier react just in time and close ranks The French hold their fire until the last moment then unleash a devastating volley Horses and riders are thrown to the ground The survivors have no way to confront the enemy who continue pouring deadly fire into their midst The Mamluks wheel back to regroup But further charges lead to the same outcome Many Mamluks simply give up and flee the field Napoleon orders the divisions of Bonn and Vialle to move forward Once more the Mamluk cavalry charges Once more the wave of horsemen shatters and French musketry and bayonets With the enemy cavalry broken Bonn and Vialle's men pour into Mbeba It is a massacre Those who are not killed flee into the Nile where hundreds drown Murad Bey escapes with the remnants of his cavalry to Giza from where he will withdraw to southern Egypt Ibrahim Bey watches the calamity unfold across the river then withdraws with his men back to Cairo It is a crushing one-sided victory that takes just two hours the Mamluks suffer more than 5 000 casualties with heavy losses among their elite cavalry and leadership French losses are fewer than 300 Napoleon with his usual flair for PR decides this great victory will be known as the Battle of the Pyramids just in sight to the south On July 24th Napoleon enters Cairo Parts of the city are abandoned and in ashes after being torched by the Mamluks during their frantic withdrawal Napoleon observes that it would be difficult to find a richer land and a more wretched and ignorant and brutish people Nevertheless Cairo is the heart of Egypt a city of 600 000 inhabitants and is in French hands with the Mamluks scattered and on the run Napoleon's dream of eastern conquest seems about to be realized Just eight days later the dream is shattered At sea Nelson and the British Mediterranean Squadron have not given up their hunt for the French fleet Finally on the afternoon of August 1st Nelson finds the French sheltering in Abu Qir Bay With 14 ships of the line against 13 he decides to attack that evening The British win a complete and stunning victory The giant French flagship Lorient is destroyed in a massive explosion By the time it's over the British have destroyed or captured 11 French ships of the line and taken more than 3 000 prisoners With no fleet Napoleon is stranded in Egypt Moreover most of his army's cash has gone down with Lorient But Napoleon does not despair If anything he is invigorated by the crisis His options are now simple He and his army must support themselves in this foreign land or perish While General Desaix is sent south in pursuit of Murad Bey Napoleon sets about reforming the administration of Egypt The old feudal system is abolished a postal service and hospitals are set up and a new tax system is introduced Napoleon establishes the Institute of Egypt for scientific and scholarly researc He shows great interest in and respect for Islam by funding the construction of mosques and encouraging the observance of religious festivals Such engagement later leads to rumors that Napoleon actually converted to Islam but it is merely a tactic to curry local favor Napoleon also grapples with news That his wife Josephine has resumed her affair with an ex-lover It is he's told common knowledge amongst Paris society He consoles himself with affairs of his own cluding one with an officer's wife All the while French attempts to win over the local population are failing Most Egyptians see only foreign occupiers and infidels The situation is already at a boiling point Minor revolts break out across the Nile Delta which are brutally suppressed by the French Then in September from Constantinople Sultan Selim III declares a holy war against the French Now the situation in Egypt is about to explode October 21 1798 General Dupuy Cairo's military governor is called out to break up a disturbance he finds the locals erecting barricades he is set upon and killed soon the whole city is up in arms The French fight back with ruthless discipline and crush the revolt Some 300 French soldiers are killed alongside several thousand Egyptians Napoleon ostentatiously pardons the ringleaders while quietly telling Berthier that every rioter caught with a weapon is to beheaded and thrown into the Nile The French have violently reasserted control in Cairo But it is clear that Napoleon will never win the hearts and minds of the Egyptians The next few months see the French languishing in Cairo with limited communication with France much homesickness and a dwindling supply of stores ammunition and wine There is also an outbreak of the bubonic plague which torments the army and further thins its ranks The only action is in the south where General Desaix's column 2 800 men pursue Murad Bey deep into Upper Egypt In this epic chase one officer distinguishes himself as a 28-year- old cavalry brigadier named Louis- Nicolas Davout on 22nd January 1799 He and Desaix inflict a serious defeat on Murad Bey scattering his remaining forces Murad himself escapes and remains at large but such military victories do little to change the outlook for Napoleon's expedition They are still 1 600 miles from France with no prospect of reinforcements or returning home Napoleon briefly puts his hopes on a diplomatic solutio France's Foreign Minister the brilliant urbane and slippery Charles Maurice de Talleyrand had been an early supporter of the Egyptian expedition he's assured Napoleon that he will personally travel to Constantinople To smooth relations with the Sultan and win Egypt for France but Talleyrand never leaves Paris The Sultan remains furious at France's attack on his Egyptian province There will be no negotiation and no compromise Orders have gone out to every corner of the Ottoman Empire to raise troops to drive out the French invader Napoleon's position looks more desperate than it has ever been His troops are cut off diseased and in the midst of a hostile population He will respond in the way that seems obvious to him As it would to his hero Alexander he will attack The forces gathering in Syria said to number 50 000 pose the greatest threat So they will be his first target On February 10th Napoleon leads a force of just 13 000 men into the Sinai Desert bound for the Holy Land It's all the men he can spare with so many needed to hold down Egypt Nevertheless it's a highly motivated experienced and well-led force organised into four infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade commanded by Murat For Napoleon speed and surprise are imperative But things start to go wrong very quickly The French are again poorly prepared for the harsh conditions and heat of the desert Water is in short supply Food is running low At El Arish they unexpectedly find the town garrisoned by 3 000 Ottoman soldiers The siege holds Napoleon up for 11 days and costs 400 casualties both of which he can ill afford The garrison's surrender is secured only with generous terms They are disarmed but allowed to leave after swearing an oath not to take up arms against the French for a year The French army continues into Palestine Its fertile plains and fruit trees are a relief after the desert On February 24th the French occupy Gaza where they are delighted to find large stores of food and ammunition abandoned by the Ottomans Napoleon's next objective is the port city of Jaffa held by 5 000 Ottoman soldiers His field guns blast away at its stone walls until finally a breach is made But when Napoleon sends a messenger to invite surrender to spare both sides the horrors of an assault The Ottomans beheaded him and displayed his head on the city walls Enraged French soldiers storm the breach and overwhelm the defenders then they flood into the city embarking on a killing spree that lasts 24 hours "The sights were terrible " wrote one French witness "The sound of shots the shrieks of women and fathers piles of bodies the smell of blood the shouts of victors" arguing over the loo The butchery is indiscriminate women and children are slaughtered alongside 2 000 Ottoman soldiers the next day order is gradually restored but more horrors are to come In the aftermath of the sack of Jaffa Napoleon finds himself with 3 000 Ottoman prisoners who have been promised their lives but with his troops and supplies already stretched thin He is reluctant to spare any to guard or feed these unwanted captives Besides some are from the garrison of El Arish and have broken their oath not to take up arms against the French And they beheaded his messenger After conferring with his officers Napoleon gives the order to execute the prisoners Over three days the French lead the prisoners in batches to the beach and slaughter them some are shot some are simply driven into the sea And by the third day French troops are ordered to use bayonets to save their ammunitio It is an atrocity that Napoleon will defend for the rest of his life I had no choice he insists many years later But the massacres provide easy propaganda for his enemies While if the intention was to terrify his enemies it seems only to have encouraged them to fight harder As if by divine judgment within days hundreds of French soldiers fell sick with bubonic plague Napoleon shows considerable bravery by visiting the sick in the hospital an act later celebrated by his own propaganda machine Napoleon now heads towards his main objective Acre The ancient port city famed for its role in the Crusades is now the seat of the local Ottoman governor He is Ahmed Pasha al-Jazar known as the Butcher For 25 years he has ruled Syria with an iron fist and is notorious for his imaginative tortures and executions He has ignored Napoleon's invitation to surrender and what's more unknown to Napoleon Two British ships of the line have arrived to support him Napoleon arrives at Mount Carmel 12 miles south of Acre Just in time to see the British capture a coastal convoy Carrying his vital siege guns Their loss is a major setback for his hopes For a quick siege On March 18th the French arrive outside the walls of Acre and begin to dig in Without their siege guns the city's defenses are a major challenge Acre bristles with 250 guns It is surrounded on three sides by the sea And on the other side by walls that are 8 feet thick the British control the sea ensuring easy resupply and have landed marines and naval gun crews And now Napoleon's own siege guns to reinforce the defenses The British commander Commodore Sir Sidney Smith is energetic and full of ideas while a French émigré Antoine de Philippot a former classmate of Napoleon's provides expert siege advice Ten days after their arrival the French bombardment begins Napoleon's field guns smash a small breach in the walls but are then overwhelmed by counter-fire Forty gunners are killed and all but three guns are disabled Napoleon sends in his infantry with scaling ladders A hidden moat breaks up their assault while defenders blast them with muskets and hurl down rocks The French retreat in disorder Any man left behind is likely to be decapitated The butcher has offered a reward for every French head he brings The French then repel an Ottoman sortie inflicting heavy losses The siege of Acre reaches a stalemate Napoleon will wait for heavier guns to arrive from Alexandria before he risks another assaul But then alarming news arrives to disrupt this plan The Ottoman army gathering to the north 40 000 strong is on the move Napoleon can spare only 4 000 men to face them The odds seem insane but Napoleon trusts in the training and experience of his troops and particularly the quality of his officers Unsure of the enemy's line of advance he divides his force On April 8th in Nazareth Juneau locates and scatters an enemy cavalry force ten times his size Three days later Clibert defeats 5 000 at Cana While Murat surprises another force north of Lake Galilee On the 15th General Clibert receives word that the main enemy force has swung around to the south and is camped near Mount Hammouray 8 miles from Mount Tabor Seeking glory Clibert advances with just his own division intending to surprise the enemy at dawn but he misjudges the march when the sun rises he's exposed on open ground His 1 500 men facing 35 000 Clibert's division forms a square and holds the enemy at bay for 10 hours under a scorching sun but they are running low on ammunition and desperate for reinforcements Napoleon meanwhile is racing towards them with 2 500 men He arrives just in time Attacking the Ottoman army from behind taking them completely by surprise Most of their forces are a peasant militia and seized by panic they flee in all directions Clibert joins the attack The Ottoman army disintegrates Napoleon has destroyed the enemy relief force at a cost of fewer than 300 casualties and secured control of Palestine so the fall of Acre must now surely follow But at Acre the situation is worsening for the French Without control of the sea they can do nothing to prevent supplies and reinforcements from entering the city while their own ammunition stocks are so low that men are sent to find spent cannonballs to fire back at the city Most alarmingly a plague breaks out in the French camp with around 20 new cases every day Then suddenly a chance to end the siege On 24th April the French explode a mine under one of Acre's towers causing serious damage Napoleon orders an immediate assault Hundreds of grenadiers charge forward but once more they come under torrential fire and have to fall back the clock is ticking for Napoleo Surely it won't be long before the Ottoman army assembled at Rhodes makes its move and he fears having to recross the Sinai desert in high summer when the heat will be lethal Finally on May 7th Napoleon's replacement siege artillery arrives The French heavy guns open fire the next morning Large sections of the city's crumbling walls are brought down French troops attack at multiple points Some fight their way into the city But counterattacks by British marines and Turkish troops push them back General Lannes is wounded in the neck and has to be dragged to safety narrowly escaping the Pasha's head-choppers On May 10th Napoleon calls on Clibert's grenadiers for a final attempt on the city Nothing could be more beautiful than Clibert on the day of battle remarked Napoleon as the general led his division forward with unflinching courage General Bon advances with his troops in support He is mortally wounded in the fighting Despite all the French heroism and courage on display the firepower ferocity and skill of their enemy are insurmountable Napoleon observing the attack from a forward battery is knocked off his feet by a near miss Finally he accepts that his men have done all that can be asked The attempt to capture Acre has failed Acre was Napoleon's first major military defeat The four-month campaign will cost him 4 500 casualties More than a third of his army's fighting strength Nevertheless Napoleon has succeeded in his main objective neutralizing the threat from Syria On May 20th his army begins the 300-mile march back to Egypt En route in Jaffa Napoleon orders that about 50 of his men afflicted with plague and unable to march be left behind They are mercy killings The victims would have suffered worse at the hands of the enemy But the decision remains controversial The French retreat continues into the deser The heat is unbearable and water is in short supply Morale is at rock bottom Finally after 25 days of marching the army reaches Cairo on June 14th Their return is marked by triumphal parades and celebrations across the city organized by Napoleon He is determined that his campaign be seen as a stunning success in Cairo and in France The men have just a few weeks to rest On July 15th news arrives that the long-awaited Ottoman invasion has begun at Aboukir There is no time to lose Napoleon must strike the enemy immediately before he can break out into the Nile Delta With most of the Cairo garrison Murat's cavalry and Clibert 's division a total of 10 000 men he races towards Aboukir The experienced Ottoman commander Said Mustafa Pasha has 9 000 men entrenched in two defensive lines guarding the fortress of Aboukir His plan is to force the French to attack his strong defenses Napoleon is thrilled to learn this The enemy has nowhere to run At dawn on July 25th he orders an all-out attack The first Ottoman defensive line was not yet completed and was overrun within minutes French cavalry sweeps around to cut off the Ottoman right fla Trapped by the sea the defenders panic and flee into the water hoping to reach the ship's offshore position thousands drown With Destin's division advancing on the left Lannes in the center and Murat' s cavalry on the right the French now advance against the second Ottoman line Anchored by several redoubts it resists the first assault But when the French retreat overeager Turkish soldiers leave their trenches to pursue them Murat seizes the moment and charges forward with his cavalry The second line is overrun Murat pushes on to the Ottoman camp And despite a gunshot wound to the face he captured Mustafa Pasha at the point of his sword By 1 pm the Turkish army no longer exists Just 5 000 survivors remain holed up in the fortress They surrender 8 days later on August 2nd One year to the day after the destruction of Napoleon's fleet The Battle of Aboukir was a major victory for Napoleon that greatly restored his reputation after his defeat at Acre But news now reaches him about developments in Europe and for France the news is not good A new Second Coalition has been formed against France led by Britain Russia and Austria Their armies have won a series of battles against the French reversing almost all of Napoleon's gains in Italy and now threaten the Republic with invasion It is no time for France's best general to be far from home unable to influence events La Patrie is in danger Napoleon's next move is not in doubt On the evening of August 23rd Napoleon quietly boards a frigate near Alexandria with a small entourage including Berthier Marmont Lannes and Murat and sails for France To his army he leaves only a short proclamation The news from Europe had determined me to proceed to France I leave the command of the army to General Clibert The army shall hear from me forthwith At present I can say no more It costs me much pain to quit troops to whom I am so strongly attached General Clibert is not amused by his sudden promotion He's left us with his pants full of crap he declares When we get back to Europe we'll rub his face in it But Clibert will never return to Europe The following summer he is stabbed to death in Cairo By a young Muslim radical The remnants of the French army in Egypt surrender to the British in 1801 Following defeat at the Battle of Alexandria They are later repatriated by the British Navy under the terms of a peace treaty Napoleon's expedition to Egypt was a costly failure for France Its aims which had always been vague and opportunistic became impossible following the destruction of the French fleet at Abu Qir And though it has lived long in the popular imagination for every dashing act of heroism or romantic legend there was a moment of immense brutality and terrible suffering The expedition did have one positive legacy Shortly before he left for France Napoleon was invited to inspect a stone slab that his troops had pulled from the rubble while building a fort near the town of Rosetta Dating to the 2nd century BC the slab was inscribed with a royal decree Uniquely the same text appeared in Demotic Ancient Greek and Egyptian hieroglyphs The French had to hand it over to the British under the terms of their surrender That is why the Rosetta Stone now sits in the British Museum Two decades after its rediscovery The stone proved the key to unlocking the lost language of Egyptian hieroglyphs and revolutionizing the study of Ancient Egypt This and other discoveries by the French savants spawned an entirely new discipline Egyptology the study of Egypt's distant past that continues to fascinate and amaze us to this day Napoleon's voyage across the Mediterranean takes 41 days and involves some close shaves with the Royal Navy but his destiny was not to be thwarted a second time On his way he makes his last visit to Corsica and the town of his birth before setting off for France to take the next step in his astonishing rise to power Right now do you think AI is improving the quality of videos you're seeing online Or the opposite Perhaps like us you've seen a flood of new documentaries With derivative scripts robotic narration and wildly inaccurate imagery At Epic History we have always used and promise to continue using a skilled team of humans to ensure everything we create is reliable and authentic From research to scripts animation and narration they've promised me So if you're tired of sifting through dodgy AI-generated 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