【紀錄片】法國歷史合集（全25講）典藏版 P13 - 6-14. 美第齊家族04

1530年代, 梅迪奇家族對佛羅倫斯的統治已有一個世紀 但現在, 城市正處於混亂之中 家族和佛羅倫斯需要新的領導 一位皇帝, 將會奉獻梅迪奇的名義, 以防衛現代 危險的敵人正在獲得力量 新想法的敵人 沒有任何人比他們的朋友和教授更極端 世界上最偉大的科學家 他會宣佈地球旅行在太陽周圍 他的名字是Galileo, Galilei 他會面對面遇到現代最恐怖的武器 L'Inquisizione, 羅馬教學 梅迪奇將會被迫選擇 在教會和現代的價值上選擇 佛羅倫斯, 1537年 佛羅倫斯的皇帝, 亞歷山德羅的梅迪奇 是一個佛羅倫斯皇帝的不合法的兒子 梅迪奇的敵人給了佛羅倫斯的家族一個機會 一次, 一切 梅迪奇的敵人, 無論多麼謙虛, 多麼遙遠, 都是為了一個救主 科西莫的梅迪奇只有17歲 他的第四個親戚, 佛羅倫斯的第四個親戚 他得到佛羅倫斯的呼喚 他並不是梅迪奇的主流血液 他的教育並不是一個普通的人類教育 所以他缺乏了很多那些特徵 在現代人眼中, 這些特徵會使他變得太弱, 太容易被操縱 多年來的混亂, 佛羅倫斯的城市正在下降 它的街道被淘汰 梅迪奇的寶藏的世代, 被暴力的革命毀滅 在梅迪奇的附近, 米歇蘭吉羅逃離了城市 他住在大衛的破碎的寶藏 年輕的科西莫, 以一個現在被討厭的皇帝的名義 但城市正處於瘟疫之中 需要某人來扮演佛羅倫斯的危險角色 目前, 年輕的科西莫必須扮演佛羅倫斯 48小時內, 科西莫被選為佛羅倫斯的新皇帝 佛羅倫斯第一代, 佛羅倫斯的起源不大 佛羅倫斯根本不屬於優秀的家族 佛羅倫斯來自梅迪奇的少數家族 佛羅倫斯在政治聯盟上很幸運 突然間, 佛羅倫斯坐上了新的皇帝之位 佛羅倫斯一直很不安全 因為他知道, 剩下的歐洲皇帝 佛羅倫斯看著佛羅倫斯 就像是... 誰在乎這個傢伙, 他到底是誰 孤單和孤獨 佛羅倫斯被他的不正義感所困擾 殺人的不斷威脅 看似只是一段時間前 佛羅倫斯的敵人被佛羅倫斯困擾 但有一個人, 相信佛羅倫斯有潛力 在他小時候 這個人拯救了基督的斷裂的手臂 長年以來, 他保存了那些碎片 他曾經在偉大的米奇蘭吉羅之下修讀 這個人的名字是... Giorgio Vasari Vasari 耐心等待 通過混亂來修復他的師範 他需要的是一位貴賓 Vasari 知道 Cosimo 的生存 依賴著好的宣傳 他與 Vasari 建立了一個聯盟 他探索了一個皇帝的文化 他想要呈現自己 是來自基督的 但明顯地, 他們是賣衣服的 直到20年前 他們幾乎是從零開始 麥迪遜一直以藝術為貴賓 但與 Cosimo 第一 藝術成為了政治宣傳 Cosimo 開始對抗生存的戰鬥 兩面 在他的宮殿的牆後 他追逐了一個嚴肅的訓練規則 Cosimo 的個人指示下 Florence 的缺乏復興 找到了新的生活 但年輕的皇帝的增長自信 正在引起擔憂 有些人很擔心 這會導致什麼 1543年 Cosimo 授予 David 的修復 已經完成了 這個偉大的象徵 民族的獨立 已經消失 但是 只在麥迪遜皇帝的命令下 不是第一次 麥迪遜的藝術 在尋求權力中被脅迫 麥迪遜是年紀最大的藝術家 他的藝術 經常被其他人利用 為了政治利益 在皇帝的指令下 麥迪遜建立了 他人生中最精彩的修復 最後的判斷 但他的奇蹟 令人驚訝 麥迪遜 他人生中最精彩的修復 這不是一間聖像廟的工作 而是一間浴室 或者一鍋 教會要求修復 聘請一位新藝術家 為麥迪遜的作品 這位藝術家 被稱為 小腿男 麥迪遜並不感到驚訝 讓祂的聖潔 接受世界的修復 修復一幅畫 實在太容易了 同時 麥迪遜的敵人 全都在塔斯卡尼 計劃將 勇敢的小皇帝帶下 因為科西摩 正在發展 優雅的夢想 但他招惹了他的敵人 以一位 西班牙女王 一位女士 分享了她的勇敢性 一位富有年輕女士的朋友 觀察到 她總是想贏 她總是為高利貸而努力 她很漂亮 她是託雷多的女兒 尼泊爾的西班牙女王 她的水平 絕對超過科西摩 他們的婚禮 是科西摩 保證了 西班牙政府的保護 和認可 他的妻子 帶給科西摩 一封帥氣的日記 更重要的是 一支軍隊 科西摩 最初是一位 戰士和政治家 就像所有家族 他主要是想 建立家族的名譽 和國家的富有 他會做任何 必須的事 他不像 早期的梅迪奇 因為他意識到 權力 必須來自軍隊的力量 當然 他做的最棒的事 是建立了一支軍隊 是佛羅倫斯歷史上 他認為 如果梅迪奇 要維持權力 他們必須有軍隊 而是科西摩 要維持權力 科西摩 計劃將他的妻子 傳遞到河邊 到山頂 而他就 打了一拳 在一場決戰中 西班牙國 倒下了 剩下的塔斯卡尼 就跟著 向梅迪奇 投降了 科西摩 並不慢於 宣傳他的成功 在舊政府建築物的牆壁 他下令 從巴薩裏 獲得巨大獎金 巴薩裏 是一位雕塑師 巴薩裏是一位繪畫師 巴薩裏是一位建築師 但比起 這三項藝術 他控制了 所有 藝術製作的東西 根據 梅迪奇的理念 巴薩裏 比當時 製作藝術 還需要 這可能是 西藏歷史上 我們有 一個系統性的 宣傳方式 一種 需要 自我認同 並製造 不存在的 國家理念 科西摩 巴薩裏 精心製作了 他的畫像 塑造 和編輯 巴薩裏的 創造 我周圍 諮詢人群 並不是 最不必要的 因為我 完全獨自演繹 你可以 填補他們的位置 以 沉默 和其他 優點 巴薩裏 以極端的規模 他管理 一隊工人 填補 巴薩裏的牆壁 有勇氣 和成就的 很快 屋頂 也開始 閃耀 充滿 英雄的光芒 科西摩 確保 他的家族 每一代 都獲得了 他們的地位 將古代的 變成 一個寺廟 給 美尼西王朝 它適合 一位皇帝 若非 新帝國 伊利安納 當她到達 佛羅倫斯時 她十分失望 因為 尼泊爾 是歐洲最大的城市 共有 約三百萬人 佛羅倫斯 相比之下 可能少於 六十萬人 佛羅倫斯 曾經是一個國家 她發現 例如 她的旁邊 有一個人 每天 付出 約三百萬 身體保護費 這是一個 很好的方式 來應對 這樣的安全措施 讓科西摩的客人感到驚訝 當他經過城市時 他的妻子和孩子 都會陪伴他 但是 他帶著一名 德國保衛 一名輕型士兵 至少有 一百名保衛員 皇帝的敵人 不容易被擋住 科西摩 無法復仇 他必須保護家族 對於他 深深的敬愛 他成為皇帝後 沒有任何提示 說他和任何人 除了他的妻子 皇帝 他生活 如同一位 出色的家庭人 他總是和 妻子和孩子 一起吃飯 在一個 很普通的餐桌 現在 科西摩 到處走 穿著鋼刀 穿著鞋子 穿著身體裝備 穿著衣服 他的安全通道 通過城市 被固定 通過建造 一個封閉的 私人通道 在街道上 但是 科西摩 遇到了問題 他擅長 一個複雜的管理 管理 我多數的辦公室 遍佈城市 對於一位 慎重的人 像科西摩 這太危險了 他記得 所有人的名字 如果他看到 一個外國人 他想知道 他是誰 和他做什麼 雖然他有 稅金 軍費 的記錄 他都記得 這是科西摩 的意識 你不能 管理 一個 永久的 民主 如果 他要 管理 政府 這樣 他們必須 有地點 這樣的地點 必須 安全 自然 必須 龐大 新建築 建造在 兩邊 的街道 和通道 連接 雙翼 只有 意大利語 所說 辦公室 原來 這座建築 的目的 是為了 管理 法蘭斯政府 當時 法蘭斯政府 正在擴大 他們意識到 如果他們要 管理 一個 大型 現代的 國家 他們必須 有 一個 非常 系統的 民族服務 政府 組織 從這個 安全的基地 科西摩 確保了 自己的 地位 在 塔斯卡尼 再一次 法蘭斯政府 覆蓋了 天花板 的 天花板 法蘭斯政府 的主要 貢獻 是在 科西摩 他是一個 好的繪畫家 但是 他不是 管理員 他會 管理 繪畫家 建築師 工廠 終於 科西摩 安全了 我是一個 管理員 除了神以外 都不接受 任何人的 權利 和 法蘭斯的幫助 科西摩 建立了新的 藝術和設計學院 讓 勇敢的 年輕藝術家 來讀書 在佛羅倫斯 但是 有一個人 從來不會 賦予 學校 他的 存在 米克蘭傑 現在 70年代 他憎恨 科西摩 的 獨裁風格 發現 養育 和 被 麥迪奇 終於 夠了 科西摩 對於 米克蘭傑 的 和 他 和 他 什麼 他的 毛人 在 獨裁 時期 皇帝 被 博覽 藝術 教 MICHELANGELO自己的酷刑相似 永遠困在NICODEMUS的面前 只有死亡才能和MEDICI和MICHELANGELO復合 1564年MICHELANGELO死亡 佛羅倫頓政府祕密安排 把屍體從羅馬藏在蝴蝶袋裡 帶回佛羅倫頓 他們為他舉辦了巨大的儀式 他們在他死亡後 把他變成了佛羅倫頓藝術家的最佳 儘管他對MEDICI的嘴巴 在死亡中 MICHELANGELO被MEDICI賦予了死亡 COSIMO文化運動的結束 佛羅倫頓藝術家的死亡 會成為一本書 寫給他的影像製作人VASARI 藝術家的生命 會永遠封鎖MEDICI的名譽 這是藝術歷史世界的第一件作品 VASARI是一個不可思議的人物 因為他把COSIMO的一切都寫下來了 他把所有的偉大的佛羅倫頓藝術家 寫到Giotto 寫到MICHELANGELO的結局 寫到西洋藝術的歷史中心 他們都是MEDICI贊助的藝術家 他是一個偉大的轉折醫 他是第一位的公共關係專家 我們一直都相信他 這本書是為了VASARI的贊助者COSIMO 作者說 世界一直陰暗 直到藝術家的光芒 重新亮起了 VASARI需要一句話 為這個偉大的成就說一句話 在現今的藝術家 財團藝術家 和保護者的 終於得到了一個名字 It was called the renaissimento, the rebirth, the renaissance This is a crucial book in my opinion Because it's the first book in which for the first time Someone addresses the issue of explaining why those years in Florence Under the auspices of the Medici were a creative age This is the first and in my opinion Most brilliant definition of the renaissance The Roman Inquisition The Inquisition could be seriously frightening You're not called and say, come in with your lawyer And try to take apart our claims And there is a jury and the jury will decide who's right You come in and they say, we find you guilty Please confess In 1559, l'Inquisizione arrived in Florence They had come to enforce the censorship of the church The Index of Forbidden Books was a catalogue of 583 heretical works To possess or disseminate any named volume was a punishable crime And the Medici owned many of these great works of the renaissance From the classics of the ancient world To Saint Augustine, Erasmus and Machiavelli The list was enormous And Cosimo had his own legacy and his reputation to protect Cosimo haggled with the Inquisition and came to a compromise Cosimo organised a token public book burning Because even a duke could not afford to alienate the church And Cosimo was desperate to be formally recognised By the most powerful organisation on earth In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici was crowned Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany By the Pope himself The Medici had started as merchants and moneylenders Over generations, they had climbed the precarious social ladder As Popes, they had governed all of Christendom But Cosimo had taken them to new heights Controlling Middle Italy from coast to coast All of Tuscany stood in awe Including a young boy who would one day Contribute greatly to the Medici legacy He would become private tutor to the Medici heirs And the greatest scientist of the age Galileo Galilei The world of Cosimo's descendants Was the perfect stage for Galileo If you're an art buff, it's kind of all over The juice has gone out of it By the time that the Medici dukes are installed By and large, give or take But the scientific revolution is just getting going Through the eyes of Galileo A fusion of artist and mathematician Wine became light held together by moisture As a courtier, his greatest selling point Was his uniqueness He was a scientist Galileo was one of the many wonders That the Medici court could exhibit He was appointed as mentor Of the Medici young princes So on one hand, he satisfied the thirst Of, you know, splendor By having at court someone who could Entertain and wonder people with experiments And never seen instruments And on the other hand, he fulfilled One of the new requirements of principality Providing the young rulers with a technical education Galileo had discovered The uniformity of pendulum vibrations A critical step in the accurate measurement of time He had made a name for himself As a brilliant thinker and a troublemaker But the Medici legitimized his boldness In 1610, they appointed Galileo Royal professor of mathematics and philosophy With a healthy salary of a thousand scudi a year There was a certain level of official investment in Galileo And given the kind of claims he wanted to make The university would have not been the right institution So I do believe that he needed a court And the Medici provided that As Galileo's reputation spread through Italy and Europe His Medici patrons granted him celebrity and protection In return, Galileo ensured that his discoveries Emerged first at the court of the Medici Galileo is this hybrid Between a philosopher, a courtier and a writer The patron expects competence There's no question about that But also expects the spectacle Galileo had that and most mathematicians did not They didn't have the other set of skills How to turn a dry topic into something entertaining School vacations became the seasons for experiments As Galileo's Medici students learned through observation People had always assumed that because it was solid Ice was much heavier than water But not Galileo And buoyancy Things floating in water or sinking in water Into a court spectacle That takes talent Galileo asked whether two balls of different weights Would fall at the same speed Most people thought the question was absurd Of course the lighter one would fall more slowly But Galileo was not convinced By dropping two balls from the top of the leaning tower of Pisa Galileo proved that all objects fall At the same rate of acceleration The royal professor had prefigured Newton's theory of gravity By half a century He was desperately trying to find simple arguments For complicated, you know, for huge phenomena That was always his angle He was a master at trying to find these little vignettes That could encapsulate a very complex problem Galileo's hunger to observe Was fed by a magnificent new invention The astronomical telescope Most nights Galileo would point the telescope toward the moon And then you write down or you draw What you see every night The way you build the case is by showing What you have seen over like 30 or 40 nights But what Galileo observed Went against everything people had been taught The moon was not the pure white heavenly body of church doctrine Galileo was amazed It is like the face of the earth itself Which is marked here and there With chains of mountains and valleys All of what people had been believing In regard to astronomy Collapsed Because the idea that beyond the celestial vault You get into the world of perfection Proved to be wrong Otherwise there wouldn't be all of those imperfections on the moon And through the eyes of the prince The telescope adds to the court Another element of originality and wonder Galileo was the first man to discover that the sun had spots To notice the unusual shape of Saturn And to identify the Milky Way And he was the first man to spot the moons of Jupiter He named these mysterious objects After his patrons and protectors He called them the Medici stars Behold, four stars reserved for you a lustrous name Which make their journeys with marvelous speed Like children of the same family They were the most permanent monument That the Medici could hope for Because statues wear out Paintings fade And the satellites of Jupiter do not fade Nothing happens to them, they're there forever I'm sure that watching the Medici stars Was probably a family sport Thanks to Galileo The Medici name was written into the universe And thanks to Medici patronage Galileo was the most famous scientist in the world The English ambassador recorded his achievement The professor has discovered four new planets Rolling about the sphere of Jupiter The true cause of the Milky Way And that the moon is not spherical He has overthrown all former astronomy The Medici had dominated Florence for over 200 years What had started as a local revolution Now had spread beyond the borders of Tuscany At the royal court of France The world's first ballet Had been presented to Queen Catherine the Medici In England, Shakespeare had thrilled massive audiences With extraordinary new plays While in Italy, a radical new art form had been unveiled Born in the house of the Medici Opera took the dramatic stories of classical heroes And set them to music It had been performed by Galileo's own father One by one, three generations of Medici dukes Inherited a position of extraordinary power And Galileo had taught them all He had bestowed on them the gift of education A rare gift they would never forget I think probably Galileo was more important to the Medici As time went on For somebody like Ferdinand II Galileo was an important image maker The Medici were lucky It's a remarkable coincidence To have one of your subjects Turn out to be such a scientific star But there was still a force in the world more powerful Than the benevolent wisdom of an individual thinker The force of religious conformity A friend of Galileo Had paid the ultimate price for intellectual freedom Giordano Bruno was a Dominican friar He had devoted his life to the service of God But he was also a scientist For publishing his theory that the universe was infinite He was burned alive by the Roman Inquisition In exceptional cases, the Inquisition showed mercy They placed a bag of gunpowder around their victims' neck Galileo knew how powerful and dangerous the truth could be And he knew his own ideas were testing the Inquisition's patience For over a thousand years The Church had taught that the sun and all the planets Revolved around the Earth This fundamental truth Underpinned the very essence of Christian identity But Galileo had observed the universe for himself He had come to the radical conclusion That the Earth, in fact, revolved around the sun His sceptical friends protested Surely, if the Earth was travelling through space Then they would feel it here on Earth Galileo argued that As fish remain inside their bowl Even if the bowl is moved around So we can happily exist untroubled By the motions of the planets It was a dangerously seductive idea I think the revelation That the Earth goes around the sun Rather than vice versa Must have just been shocking It must have been Earth-shattering Literally, because it threatens The whole notion of the Christian cosmology The choice that now faced Galileo was simple Neglect the truth to save his neck Or publish and be damned I do not believe that the same God Who has endowed us with senses, reason and intellect Has intended us to forego their use Galileo believes completely That the Earth goes around the sun He knows that he cannot say that So he is walking a thin line Galileo was an old man By 17th-century standards So maybe there was an element of desperation That he... maybe he knew That he was taking a risk Galileo prepared a subtle argument In the form of a conversation Between three friends They just happened to be discussing The structure of the universe He says, I'm not publishing a treatise This is a philosophical comedy These are fictional characters Everything is fictional, right? So you cannot hold me accountable For what fictional characters say Galileo submitted his text To the church in Florence So that it could be checked For signs of heresy The church insisted on changes Galileo agreed And in 1632 Galileo's pioneering masterpiece Was published Under normal circumstances Normal being friendly He would have got away with it In a more hostile environment People would simply say We do not care that Galileo Has used the literal genre of a dialogue Between fictional or dead people He has said this And we are going to hold him accountable Galileo called his book The Dialogue of the Two World Systems And dedicated it to his student and patron The Grand Duke of Tuscany Whose liberal munificence Is the means by which It finally reaches publication When the Dialogue hit the streets of Florence It became an instant bestseller Galileo had written the first book Of popular science I wrote in the colloquial tongue Because everyone must be able to read it But when the Dialogue Reached the headquarters of the church in Rome The Pope was furious The Pope feels the need to put an end To Galileo's writing About his scientific theories Because what this produces Is essentially a body of knowledge That contradicts The authoritative assertion Of the church Which according to The common opinion of the time Was the only source of truth Galileo was officially summoned To face the Inquisition Now more than ever He needed the protection of the Medici The Grand Duke tried to prevent His mentor being hauled to Rome Was in no mood for discussion When His Holiness gets something into his head That is the end of the matter Since he hardens and shows no respect to anyone This is really going to be a troublesome affair If you are accused by the Inquisition And you manage to stay away from Rome And negotiate things remotely It's one thing If they get you to Rome You're a goner In 1633 Galileo arrived in Rome The Inquisition had their man at last It's really a misnomer To say that Galileo's trial was a trial It was a trial in the 17th century In the sense of the term But it definitely was not a trial The way, you know, we mean it Not only there is no jury But the suspect has very little access To the case that is being built In Galileo's case The machinery had been going on Without him knowing for a long time They already had a file on him It's amazing I mean, it's actually scary If you read the manuscript You know, the documents You see that the machine starts You know, it's set into motion And it's not clear how it can be stopped Ordered to dress in the white robes Of a penitent Galileo had been shown The instruments of persuasion The Inquisition's reliance on torture Is not seen as part of the punishment It is seen as a practice To get to the truth The belief is that the suspect Has seen things, has done things And he or she does not want to admit that And so torture comes in They really squeeze the truth out of you Back in Tuscany The Medici Grand Duke Faced a terrible choice For over 200 years His family had nurtured Generations of radical thinkers They were far more than financial backers The Medici had prided themselves On intimate involvement With the creative process As a family They had recognized great ideas As well as public relations opportunities But now they were a royal dynasty Anxious to retain control of their territory And they depended for survival On the benevolence of an even greater power The papacy The Pope basically says Look, stop pushing He says tell the Grand Duke That he's not going to come out Looking good Or he's not going to come out well from this That his support for Galileo Is not going to help him It's really a threat The Medici Grand Duke Ferdinando II Stopped paying Galileo's expenses On the 22nd of June, 1633 On his knees in the belly of the Vatican Galileo denied What he knew to be true I still hold as most true and indisputable The stability of the earth And the motion of the sun I am in your hands Do with me what you please When the Medici stopped Not just patronizing But protecting Galileo They put an end to a certain idea of renaissance Which consisted in patronizing any type of art No matter which their religious Or ideological implications were Galileo was sentenced to house arrest In his beloved Tuscany It was there that he died A broken old man In a fit of remorse The Medici planned a public funeral But the church overruled them There would be no public mourning for Galileo He was the last in a galaxy of Medici stars For over 200 years One family, driven by ambition Had left an extraordinary legacy in their wake For they had been the patrons of genius Renaissance men Who had changed the Western world In their name Daring new artists Had created the greatest works Of the Italian Renaissance And what had started in Florence Could not be stopped A new energy had been unleashed A spirit of reason and enlightenment That would give rise to the modern world Many patrons would try to follow in their footsteps But none would ever match The legacy of the Medici Godfathers of the Renaissance