【70集】世界历史40小时大合集-中英cc外挂字幕-Epic History P28 - 24-拿破仑 1813：民族会战

In October 1813 Napoleon Bonaparte faced his greatest crisis since becoming Emperor of France nine years earlier After the long war in Spain ended a British Spanish and Baltic army has now crossed the plains to attack France In Germany Napoleon Bonaparte reorganized the army and joined the Sixth Coalition against France In New Zealand Napoleon Bonaparte faced four armies all moving against him from every direction After all these are not the ones he had at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805 and 1806 Russia Australia and Russia They have learned from their mistakes They are now more organized and better trained They are paying more attention to Napoli The largest coalition force is the Russian army commanded by the New Zealand general Napoleon Bonaparte He has 194 000 people and 790 guns In the north it is the Sercian and New Zealand armies led by Napoleon Bonaparte the current Emperor of Switzerland There were 130 000 people and 536 guns In the south it was the headquarters of the Polish army during the persecution of Texas There are 34 000 people and 135 guns In total the Allied forces had 360 000 men and 1 500 guns supplied in large quantities by the Russian army One of the unique advantages of the northern Panada army is a British rocket force an experimental weapon system Based on the craftsmanship of rockets since 1830 Although very inaccurate their high-explosive warheads In close-range situations The Napoleonic army was almost twice as large as the forces around Leipzig But there were 200 000 people and 700 guns the large army was still a committed army There are many experienced armies and commanders even though they increasingly rely on young officials to produce numbers The remaining 140 000 soldiers could not be called upon The Grand Admiral's 10 aircraft carriers are in Denmark the Grand Admiral's first aircraft carrier is in Texas the Grand Admiral's 13 aircraft carriers are in Hamburg And several small aircraft carriers in Germany and Poland The Napoleonic army is currently 20 kilometers north of Leipzig 40 kilometers south of the Grand Admiral and has 90 000 men It covered Washington The Napoleonic army now decided to quickly join the Napoleonic army their numbers temporarily exceeding Washington They were about to defeat Washington before Bernadotte and Brooke could take action Napoleon's army fought a strategic retreat northward But in Liberte Wackevitz the Napoleonic army engaged in a major battle against the enemy's front-line defenses About 12 000 aircraft carriers fought in one of the largest military conflicts in history The Napoleonic army as usual was very close to being captured by the Russian army After the war the Napoleonic army was victorious There were approximately 2 000 injured and deceased individuals The next day the Napoleonic army arrived and was to receive orders On October 16 the Napoleonic army concentrated most of its forces in the south of Lepsk Defense Minister Schwartzberg opposed Russia's proposal he positioned his troops on the edge of the Lepsi River To block the movement of troops during the war The Napoleonic army instructed the Napoleonic army to stay alert and deal with Broke and Bernadotte But the Napoleonic army did not expect it so the Napoleonic army would move most of its forces southward for at least one day To prevent the attack on the waltz Schwartzenberg however knew that Brook and Bernadotte were closer to the Bina Polian army He also knows Burnicson is also departing from Texas This is Defense Minister Schwartzberg the moment they have been waiting for Their army all concentrated against the Napolian army in terms of numbers Their army all concentrated in the Napoleonic army However Minister of Defense Schwartzberg unlike the Napoleonic army does not have absolute power to decide everything Schwartzberg They must coordinate the actions of three armies from three independent countries However despite being the commander-in-chief his plan It still requires approval by Emperor Alexander leading He also manages the Russian Emperor and the Australian Emperor all are in his headquarters The plan has finally been achieved the core organization of General Schwartzberg will launch attacks in four major areas On the western side of Emperor Alexander Two Russian teams are attacking At 8 a m the war began Russians and the Russian army moved through the cold forest Wetzburg soon fell into the Russian army's hands But the Russian war prevented them from advancing further The second Russian army launched another counterattack attacked Berg's village again Watzburg in the morning will change tactics again This bloody competition will one day become a symbol for the small Saxons village and the war of Leipzig In Minsk the second Russian army under Krayev attacked the Russian defenders in a fierce battle While to the left of Priest Berg's second Russian army struggled on broken ground attacking a well-defended village They were blocked by Kreist's attack But due to heavy losses the Russian army was at Drettz On the right at 10 a m the fourth army of Kleist was struggling on the high ground of Combberg They drove toward Libert Holkowitz Napoleon from the Galer Mountain ordered the ninth army of Ozhiro And the young defender provides support McDonald's eleventh army is now also on his left His army struggled in Kampberg and counterattacked Liberte Holkowitz drove the Russian army And chase them to other places The advance had only stopped when the Rus' were found on their left warning that the McDonald's army was not far Russian military offensive being overwhelmed with a majority advantage was handed over to the French counterattack But that morning there was a deployment and the Russian army had more success General Goulai's Austrian Third Corps Under orders to threaten Napoleon' s line of retreat Lindenau advanced forcing Ney to divert Bertrand's Fourth Corps to reinforce the village and ensure the road to France was kept open Napoleon was waiting for Ney's reinforcements before launching his attack on Schwarzenberg But now the Fourth Corps was tied down at Lindenau and there was more bad news from Ney Blücher's Army of Silesia was approaching from the northwest Marmont's Sixth Corps had to turn about to keep the Prussians at bay Heavy fighting broke out around Merkern the village itself held by elite French marines While Dombrovsky's Polish division clung on to Vidric under attack from an entire Russian corps This was a nasty surprise for Napoleon who thought Blücher was still a day's march away But the old Prussian general hearing cannon fire to the south had urged his men on and into the attack Blücher intended to draw as many French troops onto himself as possible to assist Schwarzenberg's Army of Bohemia His actions and the bloody fight for Merker They may have just saved the coalition from defeat Napoleon was outnumbered across the whole battlefield But in the south he still had a numerical advantage not as large as he'd hoped nor likely to last long Schwarzenberg and Alexander were already moving up reserves though Schwarzenberg now found that his troops were on the wrong side of the Pleiser River costing precious hours It was now or never for Napoleon At 2 pm he ordered the attack to begin A grand battery of 180 guns blasted the enemy lines Then Victor's Second Corps Loriston 's Fifth Corps and the Young Guard began their advance In support Murat gathered two entire cavalry corps 10 000 horsemen and led them in one of the great mass cavalry charges of the Napoleonic Wars The courassiers of the 1st Heavy Cavalry Division broke through to the main enemy battery Some even nearly reached the three coalition monarchs But the ground was marshy and broken by fences and ditches The French horses were soon exhausted and the squadrons disordered Austrian Courassiers and Russian Guard Cavalry were coming up from the south When these fresh Allied cavalry reserves charged the French a great melee ensued But the French were eventually driven back to their starting line Maison's division of the Fifth Corps was involved in a desperate struggle for Golden Gosse The fighting swept back and forth through the village the streets filling with dead and wounded from both sides But as Russian and Prussian Guard regiments arrived to reinforce the village the French were forced to fall back Around 4 pm the Austrian Reserve Corps finally arrived and renewed the assault on Markleburg one of the morning's objectives which was finally secured By 5pm it was clear that Napoleon did not have enough reserves to force a decisive outcome in the south To the north Mercurne was being stubbornly held by French marines with lethal close-range artillery support But despite terrible losses York's Prussian Corps continued to attack Marshal Marmont was wounded twice but remained in command Finally a brilliant charge by Prussian hussars triggered a French retreat Mercurne fell as Marmont's corps streamed back towards Leipzig As dusk fell around 6 pm fighting died out across the battlefield The first day of the battle had cost the French an estimated 25 000 casualties and the Coalition at least 30 000 Napoleon had come close but failed to deliver a decisive blow The chance for victory was slipping from his grasp Sunday October 17th brought a lull with both armies exhausted from the previous day's fighting Napoleon needed to rest his troops and resupply them with ammunition which was running dangerously low He also sent a message to his father-in-law Emperor Francis I suggesting an armistice and finally offering concessions But the Allies were no longer interested They knew time was on their side The only major combat of the day took place in the north where Blücher continued his attacks Russian infantry stormed Eutrich and Görlitz Russian hussars charged and routed part of Aragi's Third Cavalry Corps That day Napoleon received 14 000 reinforcements when Rainier's French Saxon Seventh Corps arrived from the north-east But the same day the Coalition received More than 100 000 reinforcements as their armies continued to converge on Leipzig Colorado's Austrian First Corps Benigson's Army of Poland and Bernadotte's Army of the North though the latter was widely criticized for his leisurely march to the battlefield The next day Napoleon would face odds of nearly 2 to 1 It was time for the Emperor to begin planning his retreat On Monday morning the sun shone across 40 square miles of battlefield on which nearly half a million troops and 2 000 cannon were assembled Soldiers from France Germany Russia Austria Poland Italy Sweden the Netherlands and even Britain This was truly the Battle of the Nations In preparation for his withdrawal Napoleon pulled back his forces into a tighter defensive perimeter and ordered Bertrand's Fourth Corps to march west to secure the army's line of retreat Two divisions of the Young Guard under Marshal Mortier took their place at Lindenau Schwarzenberg meanwhile planned to close the net on Napoleon with six converging attacks Fighting in the south began around 8 a m The Austrians took Dörlitz but Marshal Oudinot led a counterattack at the head of a Young Guard division and drove them out again Schwarzenberg was so alarmed by this defeat that he ordered the recall of Goulai's Third Corps General Barclay's troops initially faced little opposition as they took Wachau and Liebert- Wolkwitz areas that had seen fierce fighting just two days earlier but were now barely defended Barclay then paused waiting for Bennigsen to get into position on his right before continuing his attack Bennigsen's troops had more ground to cover but by noon they had driven back Macdonald's infantry and taken their objectives They would now wait for Bernadotte's army to link up on their right But the Army of the North was again making slow progress for which many again blamed its commander who seemed exceedingly cautious about facing his old master in battle Blücher in contrast did not hesitate to launch Russian infantry against Leipzig's northern defenses though their attack failed with heavy losses By 2pm Napoleon was hard-pressed on all fronts but holding his own His attention was now focused on Probstheide key to his southern front Under attack from Kleist's Prussian Second Corps French troops had turned the village into a fortress and inflicted terrible losses on the advancing Prussians Probstheide was soon engulfed in smoke and fire as fighting raged on all sides Some Prussian regiments lost half their men attacking the village While three French generals were killed as they organized its defense Napoleon even sent in Friant's Division of the Guard to reinforce the position To the north Bernadotte's army was finally joining the battle in earnest Marmont had assembled 137 guns around Schönefeld which poured fire into the Russian ranks In response Bernadotte deployed 200 of his own guns The fields were soon strewn with the dead and wounded as the sheer weight of fire made it impossible for either side to advance Around 3 pm Von Bülow's Prussian Corps supported by Austrian Jaegers and its small British rocket detachment attacked Paunsdorf Grenier's Seventh Corps could not withstand the attack An hour later around 3 000 Saxon soldiers rushed over to the enemy and surrendered The Saxons were deeply disillusioned with their French allies Their main wish now was for a quick end to a war that had ravaged their homeland for many months The hole in the line created by the Saxons' defectio The gap was soon filled by guard cavalry But the coalition juggernaut could not be stopped Towards dusk under relentless Russian pressure Marmont abandoned the burning ruins of Schönefeld while the Prussians took Sellehausen In the south Probstheide still held But the situation was grim for Napoleon The third day of fighting resulted in another 25 000 casualties for both sides Napoleon's army was exhausted outnumbered virtually encircled and critically low on ammunition Finally the Emperor ordered a retreat Overnight under the cover of darkness and early morning fog the French army withdrew behind Leipzig's walls and at 4am began its retreat west crossing the single bridge over the Elster River that led back to France There had been time and materials to build extra bridges but in what would prove a serious oversight No one had given the necessary orders Furthermore there was no clear plan for Leipzig 's defense which was left to a jumble of under -strength units mostly Poles and Germans Napoleon left Leipzig around 10 a m Behind him there were scenes of mounting chaos and confusion the city's streets jammed with troops guns and wagons The 20 000 wounded soldiers in the city had little hope of escaping 30 minutes later shells began to rain on the city as the coalition launched an all-out assault from the north east and south The rearguard held the city's gates as long as they could but they were soon overwhelmed by the enemy and savage street-fighting broke out across the city A barge loaded with gunpowder had been moored under the Elster Bridge so that it could be quickly destroyed after the rearguard had crossed Around 2pm a corporal lit the fuse when he saw Russian soldiers on the far bank even though the bridge was still packed with troops wagons and horses The bridge was destroyed in a massive explosion that trapped 30 000 soldiers and 30 generals on the wrong side of the river Panic broke out among those who suddenly found themselves cut off Most became prisoners but some tried to swim for it including the Polish Prince Poniatowski Made a marshal by Napoleon just three days before Weak from his wounds he rode his horse into the river But as it tried to climb the steep far bank it rolled over him and he drowned Marshal Macdonald had also been cut off by the blast and resolved to escape or die trying He found a place where engineers had cut down two trees to make a makeshift bridge and made his attempt And there I was one foot on either trunk with the abyss below me A high wind was blowing I was wearing a large cloak and feared someone might grab it so I took it off I was already three-quarters of the way across when some men decided to follow me Their unsteady feet caused the trunks to shake and I fell into the water Fortunately I could reach the bottom but the bank was steep the soil loose and slippery Some of the enemy's skirmishers came up They fired at me point-blank but missed and some of our men who happened to be nearby drove them off and helped me out I was soaked from head toe breathless and sweating heavily from my efforts Marshal Marmont who had crossed earlier in the day gave me a horse I longed for dry clothes but they were nowhere to be found The loss of the bridge turned what was already a heavy defeat for Napoleon into a disastrous one Later that day the three Allied monarchs met in the center of Leipzig to celebrate their great victory It had come at an enormous cost Exact numbers are impossible to establish but in four days of fighting the Coalition armies suffered at least 52 000 casualties Napoleon who could less afford such losses came off worse 47 000 killed or wounded 35 000 taken prisoner 325 guns lost More men were killed and wounded at Leipzig than in any European battle before the First World War Sir George Jackson the British ambassador to Austria He rode over the battlefield with Metternich the Austrian Foreign Minister two days later A more revolting and sickening spectacle I never beheld he wrote Hardly could we move forward a step without stepping over the dead body of some poor fellow gashed with wounds and clotted with blood another perhaps missing an arm or a leg Here and there a headless trunk or a head only which caused our horses to stumble or start aside It sent a chill down one's spine to look upon the upturned faces of the dead We left this field of glory as quickly as we could Napoleon had suffered a disastrous defeat He had lost the battle for Germany His domination of Europe appeared to be over With 80 000 survivors he began a fighting retreat toward the French border There was now no chance of rescue for the 100 000 men trapped in garrisons across Germany and Poland though some would hold out for another five months Marshal Murat bid farewell to the Emperor assuring him of his loyalty but secretly plotting to strike a deal with the Allies to secure his throne in Naples It was the last time the two men saw each other 11 days after the Battle of Leipzig Napoleon's former allies the Bavarians tried to block his escape at Hanau with 40 000 men The Bavarian commander von Freyde had served with Napoleon in many campaigns But upon seeing his battle deployment Napoleon remarked I made him a Count but I couldn't make him a General The French Emperor then ordered the Imperial Guard to lead an attack that forced the enemy to fall back in disarray The French army reached the safety of Mainz three days later Napoleon himself pushed on to Paris to contain the political damage from his defeat Behind him his empire was being dismantled On November 4th the Coalition announced the dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine Several of its former members are now joining the war against France In the Illyrian provinces local uprisings an Austrian invasion and British naval support brought an end to French rule In northern Italy Eugène was steadily retreating before the advance of von Hiller's Austrian army While in Hamburg Marshal Davout with 34 000 troops would soon be cut off and under siege Napoleon's situation was desperate But in the next campaign fought for France itself Napoleon would prove that he was still the master of war Thank you to all our Patreon supporters for making this series possible and to Great Courses Plus for sponsoring this video Visit our Patreon page to find out how you too can support the channel Get ad-free early access and help 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