【紀錄片】法國歷史合集（全25講）典藏版 P1 - 6-1. 聖女貞德

1420年,在法國 一名青少年女孩聲稱她聽見聲音 只有她能聽見那些聲音 她的名字是阿克·約翰 她說這些聲音來自神 不管神是否有任何任務給她 她都相信了 約翰登上她的聖誕儀式 以擊敗英國人 並獲得法國皇帝的皇冠 神聖的信徒 魔鬼 或擔憂 能夠超越極端的痛苦和痛苦 這個19歲的女孩 如何能夠完成這一切 尋找答案 歷史學家 心理學家 和宗教心理學家 研究她的奇妙生命 當我們打開謎題檔案 在約翰·阿克身上 約翰·阿克 法國聖徒和國家英雄 約翰·阿克的故事 在世世代代被塗鴉 導致這位年輕女孩的真相 被傳奇所隱蔽 瑞秋·吉本斯 已經研究了約翰·阿克的歷史 超過20年 她是一位聖人 她是一位女子 她是一位歷史家 她是一位魔鬼 她是一位女性的冠軍 她是一位神父 在詳細地研究她的奇妙行為 科學家現在相信 可以揭露 約翰·阿克的真相 調查開始在這裡 在Domrémy-la-Pucelle 約翰·阿克的家 教堂和街道 是約翰·阿克 第一次和最耗時的謎題 在這裡 約翰·阿克作出了選擇 從這裡 她踏出了黑暗 進入了傳說 她離家 只有16歲 決定要離家 離家 照著 一種出乎意料的證明 約翰·阿克說 自她十三歲之後 她一直聽到她頭上的聲音 她相信 這些聲音 來自神 某些現代人的專家 提議 這表示約翰·阿克 是個瘋狂的精神病患 心理學家 麥公利·科裏亞斯 認為不然 必要的重要分別 是在於聽到聲音的人 有著嚴重的心理狀況 而聽到聲音的人 卻有著正常的生活 歷史記錄並沒有 顯示Joan 曾經被定義為瘋子 在她小時候 她看似能正常地 活在社會之中 Farias博士 認為聲音 可以是她不自覺中 從心理的角度來看 我們可以認為 她有著 一種個人性的態度 讓她從不自覺中 她用聲音來解釋 因為她那時的 基督教信仰 她理由地認為 這些聲音 是神的訊息 這種觀察 在15世紀 並非普遍 在Joan of Arc的生命中 在法國 數以萬計的 信徒或信徒 也許不是兩三千 也許不是一百萬 這是非常不常見的 但也絕對不是獨特的 而許多這些信徒 都是女性 被視為神的訊息 Joan可以 輕易被接受 她可能的教育 她的不自覺 和深厚的宗教熱誠 可以解釋 她的聲音 是神的訊息 但是 這就是他們 神奇行為 的啟發 當時人們 是否相信聲音 我們是否相信 他們現在 並不重要 重要的是 Joan相信他們 她非常相信 她準備好 做出 不可能的任務 這些行為 被一些人視為神奇 並創造了 阿爾夫的Joan的傳說 它們發生在 一場熱烈的軍事競爭中 約翰遜戰爭 約翰遜的事業 是一部分 長長的 永遠的競爭 英國和法國之間 法國被分裂 英國的一邊 與強大的法國首相 伯格納帝 另一邊 法國皇帝的血液 七世 他不想失去 自己的傳承 國家被分裂 英國和巴格尼人 掌握了北部 法國掌握了南部 他們之間的邊界 是羅瓦河 約翰遜在這場戰爭中 出現了 特別低點 可能是最低點 英國逐漸 推進南部 進入法國地區 這就是約翰遜 走進的階段 在1429年3月 約翰遜 走進皇室 她的聲音 她的決心 會讓皇帝感到感動 當約翰遜 走進法院 她聲稱 她的任務 奧利安是英國 英國軍隊 已經到達奧利安 他們知道 無論如何 他們必須 前往這座 重要的 並且策略上 重要的城市 英國軍隊 已經在這裡 鎮壓了七個月 有些歷史學家 猜測 約翰遜 允許約翰遜 到奧利安 進行鎮壓 因為他 願意接受 任何幫助 她受到 這些軍隊的歡迎 因為她的存在 是法國人的 神聖正義 約翰遜的傳說 是由 英國軍隊 出生的 約翰遜 在奧利安 實現了奇蹟 結束了 鎮壓 並強迫 英國人 退出 軍事歷史學家 凱莉·德里斯 顯示 現實 非常非常不同 英國人 不覺得 他們有足夠的力量 去對抗法國 而法國人 不嘗試 對抗英國的 強烈希望 德里斯的 解釋 在於 約翰遜 到來的 所以 英國人 到來 奧利安 大部分的 城市 他們 純粹 放棄 但是奧利安 他們 不放棄 英國人 不期待 奧利安的 反抗 甚至 他們 只帶來 四千多人 來鎮壓 城市 這個 限制的 勢力 英國領導人 託馬斯·蒙迪吉 專注於 他們的攻擊 在 土耳其 南部的 城堡 後面 的 唯一的橋 通過 羅瓦河 進入 城市 在這裡 奧利安 做出了 驚人的 動作 他們 破壞了 橋 切斷了 英國的 前進 當奧利安 發動了 戰爭 英國 必須 殺死他們 但是英國 沒有足夠的人 包圍整個城市 阻止 貨物 進出 再加上 他們 受到 重大的 反擊 託馬斯·蒙迪吉 被殺死 在早期 的 戰爭 法國的 手榴彈 射向 窗戶 破壞了 他的臉 殺死了 他 取消了 英國的 有效的 領導 歷史的 I'm signaling the neighbors Are they signaling back? Well, not yet What are you trying to say? It's Morse code for Can I come over and watch TV? Oh, all right I get it Come on Your brain is bored You know they don't even know Morse code, right? Hey, the neighbors just invited us over for TV night Woo What? So give it something to look forward to With smart and fun shows Right here on National Geographic HD A space that combines a beautiful shape With exceptional room inside Delivering unrivaled dynamism and freedom For your dreams, experiences and life The all-new BMW 3 Series Gran Turismo Beauty and space redefined Roll the dice and commit a crime in Vegas You'll lose more than money It makes you feel like a terrible person The day you let him down When party people makes with hardcore cons If you're a weak individual, they're going to pry on you Survival is a new reason to stay up all night in Vegas I don't want to be passed around I don't want to be held down I don't want that stuff to happen Behind bars in Sin City No gamble ever pays off This is a no-win situation in here What happens here stays locked up here Hard time Thursday nights at these times On National Geographic HD Jones' arrival with more troops Tips the balance in favor of the Orion A and the French They attack Striking at the English in the Fort of Purell head-on And succeed in driving them to defeat Rather than a miraculous victory De Vries believes the English were no great threat Everybody wants to believe that the English Could have swept through the rest of France And Joan of Arc is the determining factor And they're not doing so But I don't think they can win While the victory at Orion may be less than extraordinary A reputed miracle takes place on the battlefield That cannot be so easily explained Joan is hit by an arrow Which penetrates 15 centimeters Into her neck and shoulder region There was tons of blood It was thought that Joan might have been killed by this An apparent fatal wound in battle And yet, just a short time later She is back in the action The fact that she comes back very quickly Seemingly unhurt by this wound Has been used as a miracle However, there is no record Of exactly where the wound is sited Or how life-threatening it actually would have been Analyzing armor from the time Dr. Tobias Capwell is searching for clues This is actually a very difficult thing To get close to Because no complete armor From the time of Joan of Arc survives today This tomb effigy In a rural English church Around 105 kilometers northwest of London Dates from the early 15th century And is one of the best surviving representations Of Joan's type of armor The plate armor that Joan is wearing Is very good protection against arrows So the fact that she suffers a substantial Puncturing injury Implies to me that she was hit in a weak point Capwell thinks he might have found this weak point The breastplate that she's wearing Comes up from her underarm And goes across her shoulder on this kind of line The shoulder defense that she's wearing Probably runs along a similar parallel line But the edges don't quite meet There's a gap So if she was standing at the bottom of a siege ladder And an arrow is shot from the top of the wall It comes down and strikes her in that gap That's a bad injury But it's not a fatal injury Capwell's theory suggests Joan's survival is less surprising However, her wound is still much more than just a scratch At one of the UK's leading research hospitals Neuroscientist Dr. Katja Wiech Is analyzing the effects of religious belief on pain The arrow went in for six inches We would certainly expect that That should be painful, very painful Dr. Wiech thinks the answer to how Joan coped with this pain May lie inside her head We usually think that pain is what happens to the body On the physical side But we know now that it's a bit more complex than that It's not just what is happening on the physical side But very much what we make out of it on a psychological level Wiech has teamed up with psychologist Dr. Miguel Farias To investigate how someone could alter their awareness of pain Without physically taking it away Dr. Farias conducts tests On the psychology of religion And has a specific question That focuses their investigation To what an extent religious belief can influence Not just your perception of the world But even how you feel pain And to what an extent you feel pain Using a magnetic resonance imaging machine Or MRI to scan brain activity Their experiment will measure the effect of faith and belief On a person's perception of the pain they are receiving 24 volunteers are tested Half are Catholic, half atheist non-believers Participants are shown two different paintings One of the Virgin Mary The other a non-religious painting by Leonardo da Vinci For each image they will be given a small electric shock They are then asked to rate how painful each shock is Dr. Wiech not only gathers the participants' reactions But also the MRI scans of their brain activity Throughout the experiment The results reveal a consistent pattern And a possible answer to how Joan May have managed the pain of her wound The first thing we noticed was that The religious participants really reported less pain But only when they looked at the image of the Virgin Mary The blue cross shows the area of the brain That is linked to pain reduction In the atheist group No activity is recorded in this area In the Catholic group however It's a different story You can see we do get it They engage in a mechanism That is represented here in this little brain region That helps them to dampen down the pain Given Joan's deep religious conviction The conclusions could explain her quick recovery She found the strength in her belief To really suppress the pain Also on a physical level And it could at least point towards What might have been going on in her brain While she experienced that wound And she kept fighting The experiment has shown how Joan Could have been capable of reducing her physical pain Purely through faith It is this unswerving belief That seems to drive her forward When she sees her next mission completed Charles VII being crowned at Rheim Its cathedral is the traditional site Of all French coronations Crowning Charles legitimizes his claim For the throne over the rival English bid The ceremony takes place On the 17th of July 1429 Two months after the victory at Orléans But historians view the coronation As Joan's last great victory It's very difficult for anybody In the modern era to imagine The level of self-belief And the potency Of the experience That Joan of Arc must have gone through But in the end It's that self-belief And the drive that leads eventually To her capture and to her death With the king crowned Rather than returning home Joan takes on new military missions Including a foolhardy attack on Paris They fail And she is captured by the Burgundians Around 80 kilometers north of Paris These French soldiers Loyal to the English Hand Joan over Her military career Ended The myth of Joan of Arc Is that she frees France From English oppression During the Hundred Years' War But the evidence Paints a different picture The coronation doesn't end the Hundred Years' War Neither does Joan's capture The war itself Doesn't end finally Until 1453 Joan does not liberate the French As her legend suggests The war continues For another 20 years Her self-belief Once so central to her Now becomes a liability Taken to Rouen In English-controlled France She is tried And convicted By the Catholic Church For heresy The penalty Is being burned alive At the stake Events in her last days Reveal the final Extraordinary truth Of Joan's abilities It starts With a moment of doubt In the shadow of Rouen Abbey Church Joan repents And denies her voices After everything she had been through After all the danger And the difficulties she faced In obedience to those voices At this Final Darkest hour She renounces them Confessing her sins Against the Church And God It may well be That she was afraid Which seems to be A perfectly normal Human reaction from anybody Let alone from a 19-year-old girl She's going to be burned alive It's impossible not to be afraid of that But remarkably She withdraws her confession Just a few days later Yet again Joan's self-belief Dominates her seemingly Rational mind It's that moment of weakness Which in the Christian tradition Makes her be a saint She was weak at a certain point And she managed to Accept that weakness And overcome it Joan has sealed her own fate If she had been found Not guilty of heresy If she had Not gone back On her abjuration It's very unlikely We'd ever have heard of her Dying As she did Making a sacrifice of herself For what she believed Is what Brought Joan of Arc to prominence Joan's story Her entire life Is shaped by her Incredible strength of mind And her death 22 months After her great triumph Of the coronation Of a French king Is the final Exceptional Embodiment of this According to eyewitness accounts She does not Plead for her life She simply calls out Jesus In a persistent And strong voice As the flames rise We have the evidence From the Eastern tradition That people in a In a highly focused State of meditation Did not express Any pain Where they Seem to cut off Any sort of External stimulation So we know That it is possible It is quite Extraordinary Joan's young adult life Is dominated By her religious fervor It seems The psychology Of this extreme piety And strength of mind Offers an explanation For her legendary miracles But despite This great devotion To her God It is the Catholic Church That had her burned As a heretic And it would take Nearly 490 years Before the same church Would finally recognize Joan of Arc As a saint