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architecture. So you saw the timeline before earlier in this video. So in history video that is the theory part of section 1, I will be covering two or a single stage at a time. For example in this video I will be covering prehistoric and near east architecture. So when some of the stages get too long for a video so at that time I will be covering only single. So let's start with prehistoric architecture that was started around 9000 BCE that was during early man. Okay so the prehistoric architecture is divided into three parts, three stages rather Paleolithic, Megalithic and Neolithic. Okay so Paleolithic represents nothing but old stone age, Megalithic represents, Neolithic represents. So this prehistoric architecture was during the time when man first discovered tools, went for hunting, depended on animals and vegetation for food and stayed in rock caves. So the first men, early men were theoretically developed from Africa and then people migrated to Europe and Asia. Okay so in this history videos I will be just mainly teaching you the architectural character. Okay so we will not be going so much deep into how man evolved, what all they did so that's beyond the scope of video. So I will be teaching only architectural character. So during prehistoric time there were four main structures okay. The first one was Menhir. Menhir is nothing but a single monolith member. Monolith means it is an upright member standing tall. It serves a religious purpose. Sometimes large number of these Menhir members are arranged in parallel. Okay so the second was an Dolmen. Dolmen is nothing but two upright members which is capped with a horizontal slab. The third one is Kromlek. Kromlek is nothing but when dolmen is arranged in a circular manner. Like many dolmens are arranged in a circular manner it is known as Kromlek. The fourth one is a Tumulus or plural is for Tumuli. So Tumuli, the plural form of Tumulus is nothing but a dome type structure where a corridor leads to an underground chamber. So Tumulus was earlier usually a grave at that time. Okay so people were buried here and at that time also death was so much respectful that they created some structures like this. So let's look up for the dwellings. So the primitive dwellings mostly had one room. Okay so these were all the types of dwellings that stone age men used to live in. So the first one is rock caves. There were both natural as well as artificial rock caves created by men. Second is a beehive hut. Beehive hut is nothing but a stone arranged in the shape of a hut. Trullo. Trullo is a dry walled rock stone shelter. Okay there is a village in Italy, I guess so. So most of the settlements in that village mainly consist of a trullo. Okay so next one is a tipi. Tipi is nothing but a conical tent where wooden poles, these black lines are wooden poles which acts as a framework for this hut. Okay and animal skins were used to cover these doors. So the next settlement was hogan. Hogan is nothing but house built by joining wood logs. You can see horizontal wood logs which were joined and this type of settlement was known as hogan. Hogan was mainly found in India. Okay and then came igloo also known as eskimo. So this was in the colder regions. Igloo was mainly built from ice blocks connected spirally. So these ice blocks were connected spirally. The next settlements are Nigerian hut. Nigerian hut is nothing but mud walls and palm leaf roof. So this was mainly mud wall for that also was used and roof was palm leaves. Then came Iraqi mudif. Iraqi mudif is covered with split reed mats built on reed platform. There was a reed platform and all this made up of split reed mats. Okay then came Sumatran house. Sumatran house was mainly built for several families. Okay it's nothing but timber and roof made of palm leaves. Right so then first came rock caves, then beehive hut, then a trullo, teepee, hogan, igloo, Nigerian hut, Iraqi mudif and Sumatran house. Okay so these were the that were used during prehistoric architecture. So for prehistoric architecture first we saw the three stages that is Paleolithic, Megalithic and Neolithic. So we saw the four basic settlements that is menherd, dolmen, kromlek and cumulus. Then we saw primitive dwellings, rock caves, beehive hut, trullo, teepee, hogan, igloo, Nigerian hut, Iraqi mudif and then at last we saw Sumatran house that was for joint families. So this was about prehistoric architecture and next we will see about Near East architecture. So Near East architecture developed around 3500 BC. Okay so with Africa okay you have you must have you should know the world map. So after people migrated from Africa settlements began to develop around during Iraq. So there were two major rivers Euphrates and Tigris. Okay so settlements near these rivers are known as Mesopotamian settlements. Okay so started as villages but then they developed into cities which were surrounded by large walls and temple dominating the city. Okay so these settlements near Tigris and Euphrates river are known as Mesopotamian settlements. So near Tigris river mainly Assyrian was formed and near Euphrates it was Babylonian. So near this Tigris river it was Assyrian and near Euphrates river it is known as Babylonian. Okay so later there was a fight between these two kingdoms rather and Babylonian took over Assyrian. Okay so let's jumping into the architectural character. Materials used were clay, soil, reeds, brushes, bricks made from mud, straw and sun-dried bricks. Okay and decoration. So decoration during the settlements was winged bull, guarding portals, murals and decorative stones. So there were winged bulls at that time. So the temple that villages or cities had were mostly Ziggurats. So Ziggurats is also known as holy mountain. Okay so Ziggurat was holy mountain. Remember this it's asked as an MCQ. Ziggurat is nothing but a holy mountain. Okay it's mountain shape and it's holy because it has a temple inside it. So it is holy mountain. So Ziggurats were religious structures built next to temples and on top of Ziggurats were small temples. Okay Ziggurats were mainly of three types. Archaic, two or three-staged or seven-staged were developed during Assyrian period. Okay so these were the three types of Ziggurats that were built. So after Ziggurats king celebrated their victory by building palaces. Okay so there were palaces also built at that time. So the great example is palace of Persia Polis and there is a term Apadana. Apadana is a large height which consists of 36 columns and was 20 meter in height. Okay the Hypostyle hall is nothing but a hall with roof. It's nothing but a hall with a roof which is supported by columns. Okay so this is known as a Hypostyle hall. So the basic Hypostyle hall was seen in Near East period but the main Hypostyle hall was developed during Egyptian architecture. So Ziggurat of Hur is a famous example of Ziggurat whose dimensions are 64 x 46 x 30 meter in height. So then talking about settlements Megaran was a dwelling space for the families. Okay so entrance was at the end. Okay this was the entrance. In long sides they had no entrance but in the shorter side they had an entrance. Then came a colonnaded space forming a vestibule. Okay with roof inside supported by columns. So this was the dwelling space for families during Near East period. See at the start we saw Mesopotamian is of two kingdoms mainly. There are other kingdoms also like Persian and all but there were two kingdoms like Assyrian, Assyrian and Babylonian. So Assyrian mainly dealt with Ziggurats. Okay and Babylonian mainly dealt with hanging gardens. Okay so hanging gardens is nothing but there were roof gardens on Ziggurats. You can tell this by this image. Okay so in this place very high walls were erected supported by stone pillars by planting what was called a So there were gardens at every stage. Okay that's the example of hanging garden. And for general knowledge first metal used by man was copper. Okay so first ever metal that was used by man was copper. Stone age tools of stone age Indians were made by quartzite. Quartzite is a type of a stone. Okay we will learn about stone. Okay there are various types like igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic. So we will learn about all these stones when I'll be teaching building materials. Okay so the stone age period was classified according to the tools that were used. So earlier we saw Paleolithic, Megalithic and Neolithic. So all these periods are classified according to the tools that were used at that time. And Bimbedka rock caves are famous for prehistoric paintings. That's another pointer. And the last point is Alexander Cunningham is known as the father of Indian archaeology. He was a British excavist I think so. So he started archaeology. Archaeological sites was excavated and the term archaeology was brought in India by Alexander Cunningham during British rule in India. Okay so that's all for this class. So in this class we saw prehistoric architecture that was around 9000 BC. Okay it's divided into three Paleolithic, Megalithic and Neolithic. So all these stages were developed or classified according to the tools that were used. Then we saw four basic Menher, Dolmen, Kromlak and Tumulus. So four basic structures. Then we saw various type of settlements like Crockford, Caves, Hill Sumatra house. Okay so all these materials were also mentioned in that. Then we saw Near East architecture that was around 3500 BC. Okay also known as Mesopotamian. Mesopotamian was mainly of two kingdoms Assyrian and Babylonian. Later Babylonian defeated Assyrian and took over everything. Okay so then we saw the holy mountain Ziggurat. We saw three types archaic, two or three stages and seven stages Ziggurat. Okay so then the human settlements or dwellings rather were known by the form Megaran. Okay Megaran are entrances of lumber sites. It had a colonnaded entrance gate with a vestibule and for decoration they used windmills and murals. Materials were mainly clay, soil, reeds, bricks and sun-dried bricks. Okay so this was the main pointers that we saw about prehistoric and Mesopotamian architecture. Thank you. Take care.