Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors

Urinary Tract Infection(UTI) is a common condition that frequently affects women. Urine is normally sterile. However, in certain conditions, urine can get colonized with pathogenic organisms, causing UTI.
Most common methods of transmission of UTIs are,
1. Colonization with ascending spread
2. Hematogenous spread
3. Peri urogenital spread
Most common organisms that are responsible for UTIs are,
1. E.coli
2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
3. Proteus mirabilis
4. Klebsiella pneumoniae
5. Enterococcus faecalis
6. Candida spp.
Several risk factors are associated with the pathogenesis of UTI. Including,
1. Frequent sexual intercourse
2. Urinary catheterization
3. Recent kidney transplantation
4. Urine outflow obstruction (commonly due to renal stones)
5. Systemic diseases :- Diabetes mellitus
6. Certain medications :- Immunosuppressants, Antibiotics etc.
Symptoms of UTI include the following:-
1. Dysuria (pain during urination)
2. Urinary urgency & frequency
3. A sensation of bladder fullness & lower abdominal discomfort
4. Flank & suprapubic pain
5. Bloody urine
6. Fever & chills
7. Malaise

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