Jahangir and Shahjahan Medieval History of INDIA Series ¦ Lec 11;Jahangir and Shahjahan ¦ UPSC GS

In the last video we discussed about Akbar's rule. We have seen how Akbar did not just expand the Mughal Empire. But they were the first rulers who changed the fundamental character of society with their policy. Akbar died in 1605 and was succeeded by his son Jahangir. Jahangir's reign lasted until 1627. After which he was succeeded by his son Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan's reign ended in 1658. In today's story we will talk about the reign of these two rulers of the Mughal Empire. Let's first talk about Akbar's successor and son Jahangir. The number of persons who have been arrested in the country of origin is not known. Jahangir-Harka was the eldest son of Akbar and his brother. He took the throne after Akbar's death in 1605. In 1611 he married Mahru Nisa who was a widow of an Iranian Afghan lion and became famous as Noor Jahan. Noor Jahan had a great influence on Jahangir's life. She was the only woman in the Mughal coat and coins were struck in her name. Speaking of Jahangir's sons, he had to defeat the rebels in his own name with his two sons Khusro and Khurram. Khurram went on to become famous as Shah Jahan. I know about these rebels. Khushro and Shah Jahan from Rebellion Friends, soon after he became the emperor of Jahangir in 1605, his eldest son Khusro rebelled against his father. However, in this time Bab Bate's touch was not an unusual thing. About a year later, in 1606, Jahangir defeated Khusro in a battle near Lahore and imprisoned him in Agrafort. Even the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjun Dev, was made to behead for supporting Khusro. Friends, this was the first instance after which the Sikh community, which believed in peace-loving and devotion, started to become a religion. So this is about Khusro's rebellion. Now know Khurram i.e. Shah Jahan's Rebellion and its significance. Some historians believe that Noor Jahan formed an alliance with his father, brother and son Khurram and formed a junta. This Guru managed Jahangir in such a way that no one could advance in his career without this Guru's support. Due to Noor Jahan's political ambitions, differences were created with Shah Jahan's father Jahangir. And in 1622 Shah Jahan rebelled against his father. The immediate cause of the rebellion was to proceed like a cannon, which was besieged by the Persians. At Noor Jahan's request he proceeded like a can-do, but Shaan Jahan was aware that there would be a conspiracy against him in his absence. And there was also the possibility that this campaign could be quite long. Due to this, Shah Jahan laid down many demands, such as full command of the army, complete control over Punjab and control over many important forts etc. But in a battle near Delhi, Shah Jahan was defeated under the leadership of Mahabhat Khan. Mahābat Khan was a noble of the Mughal court. Finally, in 1626, father and son reconciled. Due to this rebellion, Kandahar had to lose and the rulers of Deccan reclaimed their lost territories. It came under Mughal control during Akbar's rule. Friends, now let us move forward and see how Mughal Empire expanded under the rule of Jahangir. Expansion under Jahangir The biggest achievement of Jahangir was the settlement of the ongoing dispute with Mewal. In 1615, Amar Singh of Mewal, who was the son of Maharajah Pratap, submitted to Jahangir. Jahangir kept the terms of this treaty quite liberal, due to which Amar Singh was ready for submission. Rana Amar Singh's son Karan Singh was made a mansabdar with the rank of 5000. This rank had already been given to the rulers of Jodhpur, Bikaner and Amber. In this way Jahangir completed the Rajput policy started in the time of Akbar and further strengthened his alliance with the Rajputs. In 1616 with the help of Maratha Sardarj, Mughal commander Khan-e-Khanan defeated the combined forces of Deccan Kingdoms, Ehmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda. This defeat shook the Deccan Alliance against the Mughals. Jahangir tried to follow an expansionist policy in Deccan but did not get much success. The main reason for this was Malik Amber, who kept the Deccan struggle going. Amber Malik was the de facto ruler of the Ehmadnagar kingdom. Malik made it difficult for the Mughals to consolidate their position in Beraar, Ehmadnagar and Bala Ghat with the help of the Marathas and the ruler of Bijapur, Ibrahim Adil Shah. Jaharangi became the first Muslim ruler who annexed Kangda of Himachal in 1620. In 1608 there were conflicts in the East under the rule of Jahangir. Jahangir sent Islam Khan, grandson of the famous Sufi saint Salim Chishti, to Bengal. He defeated the Afghan rebels and established Mughal authority in Bengal. Jahangir died in 1627. After which Shah Jahan seated himself on the throne with the help of nobles, Chief Diwan Asaf Khan and the army. Friends, in the rule of Jahangir we should keep in mind some important points. Just as in Jahangir's rule the British visited Machili Patnam Andhra Pradesh, Captain Hawkins came to the court of Jahangir between 1608-1611 and Thomas Rowe between 1615-1619 and through a decree he was allowed to set up an English factory in Surat. Jahangir wrote his autobiography in the Persian language of Tuju Ke Jahangiri. He patronized a valuable dictionary Farang Jahangiri. Construction of buildings with marble and decorating walls with floral designs of semi-precious stones began in his own rain. Jahangir visited Kashmir and set up many gardens such as Shalimar Bagh, Nishad Bagh. In Lahore, the construction of the Moti Masjid and his own mausoleum was also done by Jahangir. Mughal painting reached its peak. The use of halo i.e. divine lights behind the heads of kings started in the reign of Jahangir. So friends, this was the story of Jahangir's rule. Let's go ahead and see about the reign of his successor Shah Jahan who took the throne in 1628. Shh where Shah Jahan took command of the Mughal Empire in Agra in 1628. His mother Jagat Gosaini was a Hindu. He married Arjmand Banu Begum who later became famous as Mumtaz Mahal. As a rule, Shah Jahan's first concern was to recover the territories of Deccan which had been captured by the Nizam Shah rulers. In a short time, Khan Jhawan Lodi joined the Nizam Shah rulers which infuriated Shah Jahan. And now he adopted an aggressive policy to regain the lost territories of Deccan. It is difficult for the Mughals to have peace until the state is dependent. Shahjahan by setting up authority over Bijapur and Maratha He made Mahabhat Khan Mughal Viceroy of Deccan in 1636. Finally, Lankavi with Bijapur and Golconda. After the conflicts, the treaties were signed. By treaties Shah Jahan had made Akbar's ultimate objective And in 1636 in the same Ehmadnagar Kingdom also Mughals annexed it. Aurangzeb was the Viceroy of Deccan, the Mughal Emperor. The sovereignty now began to be accepted in the length and breadth of the country. With peace with Mughals, the Deccan states are now southern India. The continuous expansion of these states has led to the internal cohesion of the Community. Which led to a time again in Dekan The great conflict was created. ordered the Dekan kingdoms to annex their territories. Thus Shah Jahan conquered the Deccan kingdoms. In 1632 Shah Jahan gave the Portuguese trade privileges Due to regular abuse, Hooghly was defeated. Shahjahan's reign is called the golden age of the Mughal Empire. Because under their rule Mughal architecture has its own He also patronized literature. Let's see their contributions. Contributions to Architecture Shah Jahan built the famous Taj Mahal. Its construction started in 1631. And it took 22 years to complete. Its design was prepared by Ustad Isa Khan. And the main dome was designed by Ismail Khan. The mosque building also reached its peak under Shah Jahan's rule. He built the Moti Mosque in Agra. It was made of white marble. He also built the Sheesh Mahal, the Muslim Burj in Agra and the Jama Masjid in Delhi. Jama Masjid was built of red stone. He spent his last days in captivity in Muslim Burj. The fort building also reached its peak under Shah Jahan's reign. He built the famous Red Fort of Delhi. In which there were Rang Mahal, Diwane Am and Diwane Khas. He built the Shalimar Bagh in Lahore. He built the city of Shahjahan-abad which is in present-day Delhi. With the help of Beidal Khan, he built the famous peacock throne. French travellers, Bernier and Tavernier and the Italian traveller Manu Chi also described it. The British traveller Peter Mundi has described the famine that occurred in Shahjahan's time. About 30 lakh people died in this famine in Gujarat between 1630 and 1632. Shah Jahan patronized many authors and historians. Like Inaayat Khan who wrote Shahjahan Nama. His son Darashiko had the Bhagavat Gita and the Upanishads translated into Persian. Friends now go ahead and see about Shahjahan's last years of rain When wars were fought between his sons for succession. Shahjahan's last few years were surrounded by bitter wars of succession. They had four sons, Darashiko, who was the eldest and the crown prince, Shuja who was the governor of Bengal, and Aurangzeb who was the governor of Deccan, And Murad Baksha who was the governor of Malwa and Gujarat. In late 1657, Shahjahan fell ill for some time in Agra. During this period Mughal princes began to fight for the throne. In the Battle of Samugad in 1658, Aurangzeb defeated Darashiko. This defeat had practically decided the succession. Aurangzeb crowned himself with the title of Alamgir. But even after this, civil war continued for the next two years. The Battle of Khajwa, in Allahabad, Aurangzeb defeated Shuja and was victorious. The Battle of Deorai, fought in 1659, was the last battle of the Darya Shiko against Aurangzeb. After this defeat, Daraa Shiko had to flee to Afghanistan. But he was captured by Aurangzeb, imprisoned and executed some time later. The Archaeological Survey of India has recently constituted a seven-member panel, whose purpose is to find the tomb of Daraa. It is believed that his grave is in Humayun's tomb, where there are graves of more than 140 people of the Mughal family. The findings of this panel are yet to come. After the Battle of Deorai, Aurangzeb's second coronation took place. After this Aurangzeb entered Agra and forced Shah Jahan to surrender. He was confined in Agra Fort and kept under strict supervision. During this time, the daughter of Jahangir took care of her. He died in 1666 and was buried near his wife's grave in the Taj Mahal. Thus his rain stopped in 1658 but he died in 1666. Now let us go ahead and see what kind of administration was in the rule of Jahangir and Shaan Jhana. The administrative machinery and revenue system developed in the rains of August was maintained with some minor modifications in the rains of Jahangir and Shaan. But there are some important changes in the mindfulness system. The salary given to the mansabdar to maintain the contingent in the August period was reduced under the Jahangir rule. In the time of both rulers there was a tendency to reduce the salaries of ZAT i.e. the mansab rank. The number of troops was allowed to increase without increasing the rank of ZAT. Along with this, there was also a huge decrease in the number of sub-suburbs maintained by nobles in the time of Shah Jahan. The income of the mansabdars began to be given in the form of land, not in cash. The income of the jagir was called the जमादामी. There is a good growth in the area of cultivation and the production of cash crops has also increased. The deposit has also increased. The main arm of the Mughal Army was the cavalry i.e. the Gur Rider Army. Along with the mansabdars, Mughal emperors also paid attention to individual troops. Who were called ahadis. Ahadis were soldiers and they were paid more than other soldiers. They were recruited directly by the emperors. Along with the Ahadis, the emperors also maintained royal bodyguards. Who were called Valashahis. In this period Mughal emperors had large numbers of war elephants. And there was a well-organized artillery park. Now come to the conclusion. So friends in this story we have seen about two successors of Akbar. You saw how both rulers were capable. Both of them put the expansion of the Mughal Empire at the forefront. And under Shah Jahan's rule the empire almost reached its maximum territory. Maintained alliance with Rajputs. And by allying with the Afghans and Marathas expanded the political base of the empire. The legacy started with Akbar's reign in which the territory expanded with the There have been changes in society and culture. This legacy was also continued by both rulers. Talk about art and culture, So where on one side the rule of Jahangir is the high point of painting art, On the other hand, in the reign of Shah Jahan Indo-Islamic architecture reached its peak. In addition, both rulers had neighbouring Asian powers Like Iran, Uzbeks and the Ottoman Turks, This has also increased foreign trade. So friends, the first half of the 17th century, i.e. From 1605 to 1658 as a whole, So was the diamond of growth and progress. After this comes Aurangzeb, which we'll discuss in our next lecture.