Heike Kamerlingh Onnes | Wikipedia audio article

Professor Heike Kammerlingh Annes Fresfors H.F.R.S.E.F.C.S., Dutch, ends, 21 September 1853 to 21 February 1926, was a Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate. He exploited the Hampson–Lind cycle to investigate how materials behave when cooled to nearly absolute zero and later to liquefy helium for the first time, in 1908. He was also the discoverer of superconductivity in 1911. == Biography == === Early years === Kammerlingh Annes was born in Groningen, Netherlands. His father, Harm Kammerlingh Annes, was a brickworks owner. His mother was Anna-Gerdina Coers of Arnhem.In 1870, Kammerlingh Annes attended the University of Groningen. He studied under Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff at the University of Heidelberg from 1871 to 1873. Again at Groningen, he obtained his master's in 1878 and a doctorate in 1879. His thesis was Nieuw bewijzen voor de asswenteling der aarde, tr. New Proofs of the Rotation of the Earth. From 1878 to 1882 he was assistant to Johannes Boscia, the director of the Delft Polytechnic, for whom he substituted as lecturer in 1881 and 1882. === Family === He was married to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveldt, M., 1887, and had one child, named Albert. His brother Menzo Kammerlingh Annes, 1860–1925, was a fairly well-known painter, and father of another painter, Harm Kammerlingh Annes, while his sister Jenny married another famous painter, Floris Verster, 1861–1927. === University of Leiden === From 1882 to 1923 Kammerlingh Annes served as professor of experimental physics at the University of Leiden. In 1904 he founded a very large cryogenics laboratory and invited other researchers to the location, which made him highly regarded in the scientific community. The laboratory is known now as Kammerlingh Annes Laboratory. Only one year after his appointment as professor he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. === Liquefaction of helium === On 10 July 1908, he was the first to liquefy helium, using several precooling stages and the Hampson–Lind cycle based on the Joule–Thomson effect. This way he lowered the temperature to the boiling point of helium, −269 °C, 4.2 K. By reducing the pressure of the liquid helium he achieved a temperature near 1.5 K. These were the coldest temperatures achieved on Earth at the time. The equipment employed is at the Boerhove Museum in Leiden. === Superconductivity === In 1911 Kammerlingh Annes measured the electrical conductivity of pure metals, mercury, and later tin and lead, at very low temperatures. Some scientists, such as William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, believed that electrons flowing through a conductor would come to a complete halt or, in other words, metal resistivity would become infinitely large at absolute zero. Others, including Kammerlingh Annes, felt that a conductor's electrical resistance would steadily decrease and drop to nil. Augustus Matheson said that when the temperature decreases, the metal conductivity usually improves or in other words, the electrical resistivity usually decreases with a decrease of temperature. On 8 April 1911, Kammerlingh Annes found that at 4.2 K the resistance in a solid mercury wire immersed in liquid helium suddenly vanished. He immediately realized the significance of the discovery, as became clear when his notebook was deciphered a century later. He reported that, "...mercury has passed into a new state, which on account of its extraordinary electrical properties may be called the superconductive state." He published more articles about the phenomenon, initially referring to it as and, only later adopting the term "...superconductivity." Kammerlingh Annes received widespread recognition for his work, including the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics for, in the words of the committee, "...his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium." === Legacy === Some of the instruments he devised for his experiments can be seen at the Borhov Museum in Leiden. The apparatus he used to first liquefy helium is on display in the lobby of the physics department at Leiden University, where the low-temperature lab is also named in his honor. His student and successor as director of the lab Willem Hendrik Keesum was the first person who was able to solidify helium, in 1926. The former Kammerlingh Annes Laboratory Building is currently the law faculty at Leiden University and is known as Kammerlingh Annes Building, often shortened to The current science faculty has a named after him, as well as a plaque and several machines used by Kammerlingh Annes in the main hall of the physics department. The Kammerlingh Annes Award was established in his honor, recognizing further advances in low-temperature science. The Annes effect referring to the creeping of superfluid helium is named in his honor. The crater Kammerlingh Annes on the Moon is named after him. Annes is also credited with coining the word Annes' discovery of superconductivity was named an IEEE milestone in 2011. === Honors and awards === Matucci Medal, 1910 Rumford Medal, 1912 Nobel Prize in Physics, 1913 Franklin Medal, 1915 === Selected publications === Kammerlingh Annes, H. Nieuw bewijzen voor de aswenteling der AARDE. Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879. Kammerlingh Annes, H. Algemeen theorie der vloeistoffen. Amsterdam A.K.A.D. Verhandel, 21, 1881. Kammerlingh Annes, H. On the cryogenic laboratory at Leiden and on the production of very low temperature. Com. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, 14, 1894. Kammerlingh Annes, H. Theorie generale de l'état fluide. Haarlem Arch. Neural, 30, 1896. Kammerlingh Annes, H. Further experiments with liquid helium. C. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures. Com. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, No. 120b, 1911. Kammerlingh Annes, H. Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury. Com. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, No. 122b, 1911. Kammerlingh Annes, H. Further experiments with liquid helium. G. On the electrical resistance of pure metals, etc. V. On the sudden change in the rate at which the resistance of mercury disappears. Com. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, No. 124c, 1911. Kammerlingh Annes, H. On the lowest temperature yet obtained. Com. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden, No. 159, 1922. == See also == Timeline of low-temperature technology Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions Coldest temperature achieved on Earth List of Nobel laureates History of superconductivity == References == === Further reading === De Bruyn-Uboeder, Rudolf. March 1997. "'Heike Kammerlingh Annes's Discovery of Superconductivity'". Scientific American. 276 Bibcode.1997.Sham.276C.98D. doi.10.1038.ScientificAmerican0397-98. Lasik, Arno. May–June 2002. "'Through Measurement to Knowledge' – The Inaugural Lecture of Heike Kammerlingh Annes' 1882". PDF. Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 107.3.261–277. doi.10.6028.JRES.107.021. PMC 4861352. PMID 27446730. Archived from the original.PDF. on 2006-10-02. Retrieved 2006-10-02. Reif Ackerman, Simone. June 2004. "'Heike Kammerlingh Annes, Master of Experimental Technique and Quantitative Research'". PDF. Physics in Perspective. 6-2. 197-223. Bibcode.2004.ph.p.6.197R. doi.10.1007%00016-003-0193-8. Van Dulft, D. "'Freezing Physics – Heike Kammerlingh Annes and the Quest for Cold'". Leveltzengers, J.M.H. "'How Fluids Unmix' – Discoveries by the School of van der Waals and Kammerlingh Annes'". Amsterdam, Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen. 2002. ISBN 90-6984-357-9. Kammerlingh Annes, Heike, Gevroglu, Kostas, ed., and Gedaroulis, Jorgos, ed. "'Through Measurement to Knowledge – The Selected Papers of Heike Kammerlingh Annes' 1853–1926'". Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1991. Gedaroulis, Jorgos. ISBN 0-7923-0825-5. International Institute of Refrigeration, 1st International Commission. International Congress of Refrigeration, 7th, 1936, Le Hague, Amsterdam, 1936. External links. Nobel Prize, Physics 1913. Official site. About Heike Kammerlingh Annes, nobel-winners.com. J. van den Handel, Kammerlingh Annes, Heike