What happened to the famous “drum-seal box” of the early Ming Dynasty? Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang 19

A blank introduction led to a shocking case More than 1,300 local leaders of the Ming Dynasty died in this way What did they do wrong? Why was Zhu Yuanzhang so harsh? Series: Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, blamed the empty seal for the disaster After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty Always think about how to govern the country How can we ensure that the Zhu family will have a smooth reign? For this reason, he did not hesitate to kill the heroes Hu Lan's Cure and Other Cases Tens of thousands of people were killed Politically, the obstacles have been basically cleared. So Zhu Yuanzhang, who held all the power Began to turn its attention from politics to economics This also created a series of new cases Wan You Ku Li There is a tyrant Why did Zhu Yuanzhang bear the infamy? Cool politics too What is the origin of this new major case? Lecture Room Invited Chinese social science researchers Mr. Shang Chuan, President of China Civil Society Wonderful story for you Series: Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty Episode 19: Disaster Originated from the Empty Seal Last time? We talked about Zhu Yuanzhang Some of his methods of governing the country So in the era of Zhu Yuanzhang I mentioned a feature At that time He is not an honest official, but a law-abiding official. What is a routine? Follow the example He unswervingly implemented the central government's policies. He does everything by the rules. And we can implement these rules Such an official The most famous official among them We introduced the prefect of Jining Prefecture. This person is famous. Fang Keqin He entered the Biography of Officials in the History of Ming His son is more famous than him. Who is the son? His son is loyal to Emperor Jianwen He refused to surrender to Zhu Di, the Emperor of Ming who seized the world. Then, his entire clan was exterminated. The famous Fang Xiaoru Known as the world's reading seed You see, this family is really remarkable. But at that time Is a good official like Fang Keqin looking for an official? People who act in accordance with national policies Finally involved in a case Beheaded What case? We said This case is not a political case. It's not like the kickback case or the moon blocking case It's an economic case How could an economic case arise? As we all know, the Ming Dynasty was established. Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to establish the Ming Dynasty Normal operation What is the most important thing for a country to function? The most important thing is taxation A country was established You have no money in the treasury. No food, nothing. How does your country run? So when Zhu Yuanzhang founded the country He will have to formulate the next set of taxation measures Speaking of taxes Zhu Yuanzhang is no stranger to him. He was born into a peasant family. I am a child from a poor family in the countryside. I see those tolerances all day long Like a wolf or a tiger Collecting taxes from ordinary people's homes No taxes, no money I stole your family's food. Grab something and go Why is this happening? Isn't there a tax regulation in the country? There are regulations But what about this regulation? Ordinary people often cannot afford Plus In case of a famine As long as there is no tax exemption order from above This tax is levied So Zhu Yuanzhang He suffered greatly He knows the problem here. But he became emperor This tax must also be collected How to collect? Zhu Yuanzhang said we should collect taxes To collect according to the system This tax is divided into two One is the summer tax One is the autumn tax Harvest in summer and autumn Summer Tax and Autumn Grain How is it stipulated? This history book says Ascend to the throne In this toilet Register the people's situation There are two types of people in your family. How many people are called Ding 10 Six years old and above 6. Those under 10 years old are considered normal You have a field at home, right? How many fields are there? Count your land. Tian wants to rent out his son According to this tax Lai Pai Kiln Service What about taxes? It is divided into two types This year's autumn harvest You said you couldn't pay it I still have to wait for the food to be harvested. Still have to type it out It has to be dried. Then it can't be later than February next year. We need to collect all the tax from the first year. Of course, he couldn't actually receive it. So there are often arrears If you are in arrears, you have to keep urging them. Constant urging is another matter. What was that collected? If we harvest rice, wheat, and other grains This is called true color Things of the original nature should have been collected. If these things are not collected It's money, cloth, silk, it's called Zhe Se I can not pay the food. For example, we weave a lot of cloth Can this cloth be used to cover Can top It is stipulated For example, how much money can buy how much food How much cloth equals how much food There is a standard for conversion This is called color folding No matter what you do Cross-color is also good Anyway, you have to pay the amount you are supposed to pay. How do you know this number? Whose number is it? Whose number? How do you know? He did a test He based it on your family's investigation. How many people are there in your household? How much wealth does your family have? He compiled a book for you. Take all these from other families Collect all into one piece Binding A big book Put a cover on it This thing In the Ming Dynasty, it was called Huangce Yellow yellow Why is he called Huangce? This is what the history book says He said, ah yellow From the time of Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang This is the basis for levying taxes on the people. We are China There is a characteristic of administrative management in successive dynasties His lowest level of administrative management county Unable to control the county One level lower than now National political institutions He didn't set it. So when it comes to the county level It became the lowest level of taxation The most basic level We have to start from the county Fabricating this yellow book The county has to do it. After finishing, he made four books and handed them in. He kept one for himself So look at the tax management in the Ming Dynasty. He is very accurate. Zhu Yuanzhang knew it very well. Ah, your county has collected taxes. That's money, that's food. The real thing After the good stuff is collected You want to report Escalation No matter which level All he saw was food money. Then the eyes open to money Seeing good eyes open Peel off the layers Everyone takes a little from it That's easy. What about the country? What should ordinary people do? Zhu Yuanzhang was born in a poor family. He doesn't look like an emperor of noble birth. It doesn't matter He has a point And it's not easy to conquer this world He has to keep him stable. Taxation becomes a major issue. The rich aroma of Jiugui Liquor reminds you to continue your excitement Taxation is the foundation of a country's economy The national treasury relies on taxes collected from all over the country However, local officials encountered difficulties in filing taxes in Beijing. This led to a major case in the early Ming Dynasty. Blank stamp proposal Series: The troubles of Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang started with the empty seal Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty Not only does he have his own philosophy of conquering the world, How to rule the world is also clear Tax sway for the country He formulated a detailed collection policy And created a set of effective methods As a result, the national strength was rapidly restored during the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang. But even the best solutions will inevitably have loopholes What no one expected was There is an inevitable loophole It will cost many people's lives. Series: The troubles of Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang started with the empty seal This tax in the Ming Dynasty He has to report it. How does he report it? Very interesting In his county Put this tax up. In stock Then he has to calculate Doesn't he have a yellow book? He used this yellow book to calculate how many people I have now How many households should there be? How much did I earn? It's all clear now. Then he wrote a document This document is stamped with the official seal. Where's the official seal? The official seal has been stamped. How many people do I have now? How many cases What what Then how much tax did I collect? I reported this to the government. A review in the government Why Almost there Fake seal Reported to the province Then the provincial and prefectural governments will send people to the Ministry of Revenue. With these documents When I arrived at the Ministry of Revenue, I said This is the amount we are collecting tax this year. Let's check it out Let's see if it's right Don't forget His Ministry of Revenue also has a yellow book You know, he has it too. And that's the yellow one he has He is right to take this He had already figured it out. Good, you're here. Take this pair of mine. Hey, same result Very good stamped The archive is fine, let's go back But think about it, It's not that easy. How is it possible that the county's figures are reported up to the higher levels? In the end, it's exactly the same as the Ministry of Finance. It's different This is different, it will be troublesome What if this is different? It's not the one inside. He didn't calculate correctly. He calculated Hey, the number you reported is still correct. He changed it. It's easy. After he finished changing Change to a new file The file is sealed and sealed. But the number reported below is wrong. And often the bottom is wrong Why? A high-ranking official can kill people in a hurry. I said this is the number Your number won't work. You have to change it for me. This change is troublesome. How does he change it? This document of his is stamped with the official seal. That's how he brought it. You said you wanted to change Then tell me a number. Tell you the situation Take this back. The nearby province The nearby mansion is better. Right? I went back two months ago and came back again. What about the distance? One year back and forth It's time to report next year. So it's impossible No planes No cars Just ride on a fast horse I can't stand that. This can't be done. What to do then? Someone figured out a way We Go to Shang Hu Bu Isn't it to file taxes? We have written the document. Stamped with official seal You take it to file taxes Before you leave I'll give you a few more blank letters of introduction. You take the blank letter. What did he say? Just fill it in according to his Fill it out and give it to him This has an official seal on it anyway This is not the end. You see, I don't know who came up with this idea. Anyway, it's convenient for him That's what everyone uses. This one is useful Fifteen years Fifteen years of peace and quiet Just came here But in the fifteenth year of Hongwu He's in trouble. Why did it happen? This Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang saw He got anxious when he heard it. What? It turns out that these civil servants go to Beijing to file taxes He brought so many blank documents. Blank document with official seal He wants to do something with him, but that's not okay. Fill in something yourself It's convenient to do anything. Isn't this a huge loophole? Others say There's no way. It can only be like this He can't carry the county magistrate's official seal. He put the official seal in his pocket What will he do when he comes there? No, that's a big problem. So what happens? This practice of using blank documents When Zhu Yuanzhang arrived He quits So a big case happened The rich aroma of Jiugui Liquor reminds you to continue your excitement A blank letter of introduction with an official seal The empty seal of the early Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang killed More than 1,300 local leaders died Series Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, blamed the empty seal for the disaster Local officials prepare in advance Blank document with official seal Going to Beijing for business It was not an invention of Ming Dynasty officials. It already existed in the Yuan Dynasty From central to local All default This method is suspected of violating regulations But everything happens for a reason Why are the figures at the local and central levels inconsistent? Some viewpoints explain that Money and grain will be lost during transportation So from local delivery until we can no longer receive each other The numbers won't match How much was lost on the road? Officials cannot predict Only when reporting To know the difference So officials carry blank letters of introduction to do things. It is inevitable But Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, did not accept this explanation. And think it is much more serious So another major case in the early Ming Dynasty, the Empty Seal Case Expand This case was named the Empty Seal Case in history. The Case of the Blank Letter of Introduction This is what the history books say Miho Governorate Fuzhou County Official Trickster furious He was so angry. That would be terrible. Let’s listen to the next two sentences. On the Punishment of the Officials The left two hundred soldiers died What's the energy? Death penalty for officials You are the top leaders of each province and government You are a senior official. Behead the second left deputy Hit 100 sticks Conscripted soldiers Dispatch This Jining Prefecture governor This is Keqin Because he is the boss So many good things have been done But this case came out Moved in and lost my head This is strict enough, right? It's terrible But Zhu Yuanzhang had a reason to deal with him Why? Because this document stamped with the official seal Too important We often say that officials should not lose their seals. This seal is so important. With this seal You can do anything. You are an official Wasn't there a famous story at that time? It's called True and False Case Ming Dynasty A censor who is looking for a case takes office Went on the road The local corrupt official sent someone to steal his seal secretly. After stealing He's on the edge He is not awesome. He didn't print it. What if people don't recognize you? He asked his men Made a fake wax print It's like it's real. The corrupt official thought Don't follow me on this. You're fake I know Say oops The adult said In this case Then we need to stamp the official seal Did you take out the print? Let's use it. This patrol said Okay, then use it. So we went to the lobby Ready to print This moment I heard someone shouting "Fire, fire!" The inspector immediately picked up the seal. Just tell this corrupt official Please give me the seal first. Go put out the fire He went out This is bad. This corrupt official didn't react. He took off the seal. I came back after putting out the fire. This is from your hand. If it's fake You changed it. I can't think of it. Take that out quickly. I changed this back. This is a famous story. Smart, everyone. You can see this print. How important is the official seal? You are holding this official seal now. So many blank documents are stamped Are you giving him the seal? He took this blank document What did he want to do? So Zhu Yuanzhang thought this was a big drawback. Vulnerabilities Zhu Yuanzhang He's been focusing on this all day. He is specifically watching your tax collection to see if there is corruption. As a result, such a big loophole was found. Can he not have a seizure? This attack is okay, right? Get rid of these officials. Shouldn't that be dealt with? Weren't they investigating the fraud case at that time? That should be another big case. Catching people for murder People commit crimes every day. At this moment No one dared to say anything So these officials don't care whether you are good or bad. You caught up with the leader. You were beheaded You are the second or third in command. You caught up A beating and sending you to the frontier That caught up. There's nothing I can do. But this matter Do you think it is unfair? He is really a bit wronged. But then again Everyone knows We have talked about Hu Weiyong's love for Lan Yu was not unjustified It's also unfair. Does he have any problem? He does have But you sentenced him to death. Copy the ink bead curtain for him You mean he rebelled? Rebellion He didn't rebel. No rebellion Right? This is not his crime. Now these officials use this blank letter You said he had a problem No problem There's a serious problem. Right? You don't meet the worker requirements? You failed in management. But this is management failure Won't you lose your head? Right? Just kill me. That's a bit excessive So I said There are mistakes Not punishable by death You shouldn't kill people. Not only do we think so People at that time thought so too There was a person at that time His name is Zheng Shili What about this person? He's an ordinary person. He is not an official He saw this He felt it was unfair. Why did he feel particularly unfair? Because his brother is an official Where's his brother? Zheng Shiyuan A very good official with political integrity. I usually do well. He is also a very nice person. Everyone says this officer is good. How can you turn your face so easily? It becomes the summer and autumn season. He said I should speak fair words But I am an ordinary person I didn't have the chance to say these words to the emperor. Oh, at this very moment Star change occurs There are some bad phenomena in the sky. Wasn't it a connection between heaven and man in the past? So the emperor summoned Let's all speak. Right? Everyone in the world can criticize me, right? Then we listen to everyone's correct opinions This confirms As soon as I saw the opportunity good So he wrote a ten thousand word letter It's for the emperor. Appreciate this memorial He is in this memorial. He went to talk about this principle He said four things Article 1 He said the emperor You blame them for using this blank letter of introduction to do business But there's nothing we can do about it. Do you know What about the letter of introduction they got? The seal is a chess seal It's not a blank letter of introduction. A big seal on it Take it and fill it out. No It is a lot of this document The seam is sealed Then fill out the paperwork So he can't take it. What do you want to do? What to do You misunderstood. Wang Di Secondly, you said don't let him do this. So what do you say? What about political power? He said it even more evilly. He said that those remote provinces House It's six or seven thousand miles away from Beijing. Such a long way My goodness, that must be the most marginal place. Then he said the nearest one was three or four thousand miles away. Not as close as you think What about the neighboring Jiangsu and Zhejiang? Very close, not that far He said the nearest one was three or four thousand miles away That round trip will take years How can we do that? Of course, his reason is still correct. Actually, there were difficulties at that time. The third one said He said that the laws of our country Whatever your policy You have to tell me first. You told our officials that You can't do this kind of thing I will convict you for doing this. Everyone quit You didn't tell me in advance It's been like this for more than ten years. You're turning your face now. It's not suitable. I don't agree. Finally, he said the fourth He said it's not easy for these officials I studied and took the civil service exam. I have been in the officialdom for so many years. With experience I can do something for you. You said kill, then kill. These are people. He is not a straw man. It can be born from intention. That grass you produced He gave birth again This will be gone if you kill me I save money for the country It's also because Your Majesty is thrifty. You see, what you said makes sense. But after writing this memorial He dared not report it Why didn't he dare report it? He took Zhu Yuanzhang's edict Isn't it a star change? He took the edict and read it There is a sentence in this edict He said that there is a crime of false public opinion Don't look at me, Zhaoqiu Zhiyan Who among you wants to use this as an excuse for personal gain? I will still sentence you This is officially ringing This eunuch Jia is a private person. Then I can count Why? My brother Isn't he just an official here who has been convicted? But my brother is the second official of the left He is not upright At most he would give them a beating and then let them go. If this is the case, Well, I won't say it yet. Wait until my brother is released after being beaten with a stick He's already suffered. I didn't say it for him. I speak for others The rich aroma of Jiugui Liquor reminds you to continue your excitement Early Ming Dynasty Corruption continues despite repeated bans The Guo Huan case, which implicated tens of thousands of people, angered Zhu Yuanzhang Zhu Yuanzhang was determined to become a corrupt official. Implement zero tolerance for corrupt officials Series of Borrowing Objects Zhu Yuanzhang's killing of 100 police officers The Kongyan case was a major case during the reign of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. then There were 13 provincial-level provincial governments in the Ming Dynasty. 141 city-level prefectures 192 states, 1,013 counties Guarding the Empty Night Case Involve these There are more than 1,300 local leaders in total For better or for worse All killed Almost cleared out the local officials of the entire Ming Dynasty at that time Severity of punishment Wide range of implications Unprecedented Most of the Ming Dynasty officials involved in the Empty Seal Case is innocent That's why the wife risked her life. So for this well-reasoned book, How would Zhu Yuanzhang react? Series: The troubles of Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang started with the empty seal After this memorial is sent up Zhu Yuanzhang was furious when he saw it. explain Good boy How dare you say these things to me? There must be someone behind the scenes directing this. You ask the Prime Minister and the Censor to interrogate him for me See who is behind him. This interrogation? This is officially neat. You think he is an ordinary person? Just because I wrote this memorial He was personally interrogated by the Prime Minister and the Censor. This shows how great the influence is. He told the Prime Minister and the Censor. He said I didn't have a master. You think I'm an ordinary person I risked my life to speak to the emperor What kind of master do I want? I'm ready to lose my head. No one behind I'm alone Everyone asked clearly The Prime Minister and Yu Shiye felt that this matter was a bit unfair Everyone thinks this case has been decided. But it’s hard to say Report to Zhu Yuanzhang Zhu Yuanzhang thought about it That won't work either. This guy is guilty anyway. Right? Sentence him to hard labor Punish him to hard labor Everyone wants Zhu Yuanzhang to do things It's a bit too arbitrary. This obviously shouldn't be done. He does that too. Why? Kill one to warn the rest I have done it Everyone knows it's amazing I won't dare to do it again. I just said Zhu Yuanzhang was so cruel It hit a large number of officials. The purpose is to let everyone know the police You guys should never do this kind of thing again. So does it work or not? Zhu Yuanzhang gave this statement: He said that the bag has no official Dachengyouguan It is not an official who disturbs the people. Pretending to be an official to disturb the people The seal was made privately without the permission of the government Believe me, everyone listen. The seal is coming Fraudulent errand Fraudulent material What about these people? Disturb the people Harming our people We arrested him. All dealt with Kill those who should be killed The judgment I guess humans should be scared. But not long Counting offends him again Someone else committed this crime. Okay? The document with the blank seal that you used It's Qi Fengzhang's Well, we will not only stamp the Qi Feng seal And we want to do a joint publication Publish and compare Put it together How to publish? After this seal is stamped as Qi Feng Zhang Half and Half You take half I take half You wrote it on that when you wrote the official document. You brought the document. I have this half of my document. A pair with you Hey, this seal happens to be a Okay, really. This pair I don't match Fake So you forged the seal. You can't do it. Look at Zhu Yuanzhang How many ways did he think of? There is no way not to think of these solutions. He keeps getting into trouble. You thought of this way You have to have one more What is one of them? It's the officials who do it for you. I ask you to do this. If you like it, I'll give it to you. Tell this official Okay, okay, you're not asking for Look at it right It's not right to come here. Why bother? It's over in a snoring sound The liar can still run rampant Sure enough, something happened soon. This day An official from Suzhou Prefecture came Very impressive With several people. Then he came to the Suzhou Palace with great momentum Who is it? 姓沈沈千户 沈千户有公文吗 Yes, open it and take a look The official document is stamped with a jade seal Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's Imperial Seal What is this thousand households? Thousand households The people around the emperor are only his most trusted ones. This is like Jinyiwei Such a close person He can bring this. Besides, he is a fifth-rank centurion. The Suzhou government dare not neglect He immediately read out the official document he brought in court. Then the official document was immediately issued to each county. So where do these people go to do their work? Green light all the way Very convenient He took this opportunity Extract Ningcai Accept bribes I made a lot of money But everyone knows He had a very powerful system in the Ming Dynasty What system? Searching for the Censor This guy is asking for bribes everywhere. The Inspector has arrived Xiong'an Censor won't buy it. He is the emperor's envoy. Bring me the seal. This looks bad. Exposed on the spot Fake Qianhu pretending to be Forging a seal to defraud money Catch it immediately He should be sentenced to death Dealt with it It doesn't matter if this is dealt with. Here comes the problem You are an official of Suzhou Prefecture Why don't you check his seal? Why do you believe him when he says it? And poisoned on the spot You also give him the following Let him run rampant everywhere What benefit did he give you? There's no benefit in doing this to him. This check It's over. Collusion It's not that you're confused You're not deceived. You are in cahoots with him. Let's commit a crime together That's pretty strict, right? So you can't get into trouble If you get into trouble, we can find you. Right? Zhu Yuanzhang said You are colluding with him. Intend to commit a crime So in the future The governor's office, Fuzhou County's military office, etc. Where to go Place to do business Whenever you meet someone claiming to be on errand That is to survey the river for comparison He just said he was public You must check the seal If you throw away the former If you don't seal Or is it still like this official in Suzhou Prefecture? To cause evil Disruption of affairs Although not sympathetic Even though you're not with him People who are not in the same group are the most similar The provincial government officials are worthy of the Awesome or not? I've explained it to you now. If you still serve as a supervisor in the future You don't look at the seal you should look at You don't pay what you should pay You were deceived. I don't admit that you were deceived. I think you and him are in cahoots. Your fate will be the same as that of the officials in Suzhou Prefecture. Lose your head Look at Zhu Yuanzhang He on this issue He really has no intention of letting up. Even if you are deceived, you still have to kill your head The country is so big Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to bring order to the country. Rely on one person Rely on a few people None of the officials in the world can rely on him. Why is he operated by a human after all? He relies on the system After this empty seal case came out Many people are dissatisfied In fact, when we read this history today We also have some injustice in our hearts Because he killed a lot of good officials. The most typical example is Fang Keqin In fact, there are many people These people wronged him. You shouldn't lose your head in a case like this. He can also give you advice on national management. Play a good role so what This gave Zhu Yuanzhang a bad reputation. Cruelty Everyone knows Zhu Yuanzhang has a very bad reputation His management is cruel. In fact, Zhu Yuanzhang dealt with these issues He is measured. My purpose is to warn the officials. This can't happen again. Not only that Zhu Yuanzhang knew deeply If these things are not dealt with at the beginning, Manage him when he is not in the right place If he is under control Break out It's hard for you to control it. And the facts prove that There were many officials at that time. Don't bother him. Or you have such strict management now He's still going to get into trouble. We talked about Zhu Yuanzhang has three major cases so far. A Case of Hu Weiyong A case of interception An air transport case Look at Zhu Yuanzhang He has done so many big cases. Killed so many people in so many cases In order to realize his ideal management But in fact, Zhu Yuanzhang During his lifetime in office He created four answers. What is the fourth case? See you next time