The Jacobites: The Would Be Stuart Kings

this video is sponsored by Squarespace hello and welcome back to the channel if you're new here hi you are very welcome this is reading the past and I'm Dr Cat and this video is the planned followup to my earlier video on the Glorious Revolution today we're going to be taking a look at the line of those who were displaced from the throne and from the succession to it through this particular event but before we jump into today's topic I want to say an absolutely massive thank you to Squarespace for sponsoring another video on this channel when it comes to building updating and managing my website Squarespace has really made all the difference squarespace's blueprint website design tool offers a massive variety of website templates all of which are super easy to customize in every way this is due to their fluid engine website design system with this it simp clear case of dragging and dropping for even more convenience you can edit your website not only on your desktop but also on your 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Jacobus the James in question in the first case being the deposed and exiled James II and 7th and subsequently his son and then his descendants through that son thus the jacobites were those who supported this particular line and it claimed the throne James II and 7th fled into Exile his son-in-law and nephew William and his daughter Mary would be crowned as co- monarchs a few months later on the 11th of April 1689 this exiled King his wife Mary of Moda their son that alleged warming pan Baby James Francis Edward and their courtiers now resided in France Louis the 14th set them up with fabulous accommodation at the chatau of San Al those loyal to the new regime of William and Mary would allege that James was being kept in a meager states by his French host however it seems this was more about what those individuals hoped would be the case rather than the actual truth of the matter Louie provided sufficiently for his guest to live in the style to which he was accustomed perhaps more concerning for the regime of William and Mary was that this French support did not stop with funding this Regal lifestyle Louie also advocated or rather applied pressure for James to go to Ireland and from there to launch a campaign to regain his throne the Roman Catholic Lord Deputy of Ireland Richard Calbert Earl of tier Connell was also Keen for James to make the journey James arrived there on the 12th of March 1689 James intended that Ireland should be the Launchpad for his campaign to reclaim England and Scotland while T Connell envisioned James as a rival king for a majority Roman Catholic Island an Irish Parliament met in Dublin on the 7th of May 1689 and while James would see his longed for Toleration recognized in law by this Parliament there were other legislative changes that had a potentially different agenda for example there was the repeal of the act of settlement of 1662 in this act of settlement land had been seized from royalists in Ireland with a special Focus being paid to those who were Roman Catholic the Dublin Parliament also passed more than 2,000 acts of attainer against Protestants unsurprisingly this served to bolster support among Irish Protestants for William III's forces they worked to reconquer Ireland over the coming months Louis the 14th would attempt to counter these attempts by sending reinforcements to stand against the williamite troops perhaps the most famous battle in James's attempt to regain power would come on the 1st of July 1690 James's force was outnumbered and comparatively unskilled when they met troops fighting for William at the Battle of the bo James and his troops were defeated James returned to France the war in Ireland would continue without him for another year Jacobite forces would be resolutely crushed in Ireland at aam on the 12th of July 1691 it is an interesting twist of fate I think that the shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar resulted in a 1 of July old style date so the date of the battle of the bo becoming the 12th of July in the new dating style which was the date of the Protestant williamite victory at aam so when orangeman march today on the 12th of July they are doing so to commemorate the bo rather than aam James would however continue to hold on to the hope that he would be restored to power and while there were moments that boyed these hopes such as French battles with the English at Sea in 16 1992 or the assassination plot against William in 1696 James's needs would ultimately not be met James's daughter Mary died in 1694 leaving her husband William to rule alone after her as this couple had no surviving children James's second daughter an was considered to be the next in line to rule assuming of course that James and his son were not restored instead however in 1697 Louis the 14th came to terms with enemies namely with William and with the Grand Alliance that William had orchestrated this happened through the Treaty of riswick in this treaty Louie was compelled to among other things officially recognize William as the rightful King rather than James nevertheless four years later as James was suffering his final illness between the end of August and start of September 1701 he was visited by Louis the 14th who promised at this time to recognize instead the claim of his son also James to be king of England Louie made this promise public after this which of course did run in direct contravention to the terms of the 1697 riswick treaty it also ignored the act of settlement that had been passed by the English parliament in the June of 1701 it was this act of settlement that placed The Dowager elector Sophia of Hanover and and her Protestant heirs as the chosen successors to Anne for the throne the passing of this act was precipitated by the death of Anne's only child to survive infancy little William he died on the 30th of July 1700 just after his 11th birthday an's half brother James Francis Edward Stewart was 13 when his father died on the 5th of September 1701 just under a year later on the 8 of March 1702 his cousin and brother-in-law William also died one of William's final acts was to agree to an act of attainer against quote the pretended James III this teenager was thus named a traitor in the land of his birth while his Half Sister Anne now took up her place on the throne that his supporters and presumably he believed was rightfully his however Queen Anne was popular with her subjects James Francis Edward was unknown and a child indeed his majority would not be declared for another four years at the point that he turned 18 in June 1706 throughout his adult life against the backdrop of his attempts to reclaim his father's Throne this James would have been very aware that his chances would have been bolstered if not actively assured by him simply renouncing his Roman Catholic faith in faith of becoming a Protestant he was however seemingly absolutely Resolute in his refusal to do so and he would also make no concessions in this regard when it came to his children after they arrived a potential window of opportunity was however perceived for an invasion of Scotland by French forces they hop to capitalize on the discontent growing there in response to the 1707 Act of Union an act which resulted in the legal recognition of the of Great Britain namely the joined England and Scotland a planned C assault and further Invasion which James wanted to take part in would be scuppered first of all when James fell with measles and then also through the successful spying network of James's and France's enemies this all conspired to mean that this Invasion would not make landfall James was back in France just over a month after he had departed on this campaign over the coming years France was repeatedly informed that peace terms would only be reached if they would consent to expel James from their territories there were though murmurings that the British government now it was in the charge of the Tory Robert Harley had come to have a preference for James to return to rule there as King James III indeed the hanovarian claimants wig politicians and their allies were becoming increasingly convinced that the ACT settlement would be overturned all James had to do was show himself willing to alter his faith or at least to act as if he was willing to alter his faith as previously mentioned though this was seemingly James's final Line in the Sand then in February 1713 James Louie and the Tory government created a loophole that could achieve peace and expel James from France while also not endangering his life and though the wouldbe King of Great Britain relocated to the duchy of Lorraine for March of the following year 174 it was clear that Queen Anne was dangerously fatally ill those who had been encouraging James to consider a change of Faith now become more pressing more explicit he continued to refuse outright thus it was with Queen an's Death on the 1st of August 1714 that it was the eldest son of the recently deceased Dowager elector Sophia of Hanover who took the throne of Great Britain to rule as King George I French support for the Stewart cause would soon be dealt a massive blow through the death of Louis the 14th on September the 1st 1715 he would be succeeded by his 5-year-old great-grandson who ruled as Louis the 15th unsurprisingly France was now governed through a Regency and it would be for many years to come stability for France became the order of the day which meant that for many wading into foreign Strife would be simply off the table however at around about the same time the cause of the Stuart succession was being taken up fiercely in Scotland and in northern England on the 26th of August 1715 John kkin Earl of Mah raised the jackaby standard in the highlands James Butler attempted invading the West country the government's respon was Swift Ormond was unsuccessful as his allies had been arrested before he arrived and thus the rising England was quickly put down the jacobites in Scotland although they had found it hard at first to spread south did manage to bed down James hopeful of his chances to return to rule set sail he landed in northeastern Scotland on December the 22nd 1715 the ear of Mah traveled to meet with him plan plans were made for James's coronation at scoon James Mah and their followers process South at the start of the following year at this time James was in many ways on a royal progress and he was reportedly receiving an enthusiastic reception as he traveled James reached scoon Palace on the 8th of January 1716 and he then promptly set about establishing his Royal Court there forces of the hanian government were however closing in on the jackaby troops by the end of the month the latter of which the jackaby troops was also shrinking at an alarming rate due to desertion soon the whole force was in Retreat on the 3rd of February James disguised himself and fled from Scotland on a French ship at this time he was accompanied by a small party of just 16 people the majority of his Jacoby supporters were thus Left Behind to fend for themselves those deemed to be ring leaders by the hanovarian government were accused of high treason if they were unable to find a way to escape into Exile themselves they were in danger of being captured and tried in England which in turn risked them being sentenced to death support for James in Scotland was I think unsurprisingly badly damaged by this attempt failure and flight he also found that he was no longer welcome in Lorraine and instead became reliant on the pope and his territories for a new Safe Haven James would come to look to a succession of George I first enemies as a potential route back to what he saw as his throne in February 1719 James set off for Madrid from where a large Spanish Expedition Bound for Scotland intending to invade Britain was being mounted James however would remain in Madrid storms affected much of this expedition's progress much of the fleet were driven back and so it was a highly depleted Fleet that reached the outer in the highlands at this time the jackaby standard drew around 10% of the number that had joined the same cause in 1715 this relatively small Jacoby force would be routed at Glen shields on the 10th of June 1719 undeterred seemingly James was still making plans for the future of his dynasty upon his return from Spain he married Maria Clementina sesa on the 2nd of September 1719 this couple would have two sons Charles Edward born in December 1720 and Henry Benedict in March 1725 the failure of the so-called Atterbury plot of 1722 led to the identification and capture of the majority of Jacobite supporters in England and so it did irreparable damage to the cause there in 1727 the British throne passed from George I to his son George II the better part of two two decades later in 1744 James's eldest son Charles Edward who was by then nearly 22 chose to travel to France in the hopes that he could take part in the now adult Louis the 15's planned invasion of Britain it was seemingly his intention to replace George II with Charles Edward's Father James these plans were however utterly scuppered once again by storms that scattered and damaged his Fleet there would be one more attempt at a Jacoby rising in 1745 although it was requested there would on this occasion be no French support to mount this operation Charles Edward was though Resolute in his desire to press his fathers and by extension his own claim his chances of success of generating sufficient support in Scotland without French backing were slim nevertheless funds were amassed through loans and weapons were purchased perhaps the remaining jacobites took comfort in the knowledge that at this time Britain's military attention was otherwise occupied on the continent they were involved in trying to deal with the war of the Austrian succession on the 22nd of June 1745 Charles Edward and his companions set out on their warships they would be delayed by encounters with royal Navy ships but they would manage to reach the outer herodes on the 23rd of July on the 19th of August the Jacoby standard was once more raised in the highlands at Glen finnen Murray GH pit explains that this standard was quote blessed by the Catholic bishop of Mora to cries of King James VII prosperity to Scotland and no Union seemingly then any draw to the jackaby cause that was driven by the personal magnetism of the Stewarts in question is clearly being coupled with concerns over matters of faith and or questions of Scottish independence Charles moves South Gathering supporters as he went he entered and took control of Edinburgh on the 17th of September 1745 to return to pck who informs us that Charles's arrival into Edinburgh was met with quote the Applause of a crowd of some 20,000 citizens pck also tells us that Bonnie Prince Charles was a name first recorded on that day for the rest of September and October Charles held court at Hol rout from there he issued declarations against the act of Union and against the authority of the British Parliament on the 31st of October Charles set off with his troops Bound for London they reached Derby on the 4th of December there had been Promises of French support and hopes for a swell of combatant numbers made up of loyal English jacobites in indeed Charles had assured those with him that these things would materialize they did not or at least they did not quick enough troops were in fact being ready to set sail from France and the hanovarian had learned of this and they were focused on seeing that threat off Charles and his jacobites were however unaware of any of this going on there was also a further failure of intelligence gathering on the Jacoby part two if for example they had known just how poorly manned London was at this time how far reinforcements were from it perhaps they would have continued their March and history might have looked very different as it was they chose to retreat on the 6th of December Charles sulked and drowned his sorrows with alcohol as he went not a great look for a leader George thei son William Duke of Cumberland had recently been brought back from fighting on the continent and been placed at the head of British forces who were now tasked with dealing with this jackaby problem despite being driven back the jacobites would claim military victories near abedine on December the 23rd 1745 and at full Kirk on January 17th 1746 Charles struggling with ill health appears at this point to have lost control of his troops desertion ran rif there was a further jackaby Retreat on the first February and Charles narrowly escaped being captured on the 16th of February his remaining forces would however take in vanesse on the 17th on the 16th of April the jacobites faced cumberland's forces at Kaden more Charles's supporters were routed over a thousand of them were killed in this battle Charles though survived and managed to escape back into Exile it is alleged that the day after this victory cand told those who were tasked with pursuing the surviving jacobites that their enemies had been ordered to quote give them no quarter the intimation being that they should offer them the same treatment W spec writes that quote Cumberland visited A Reign of Terror upon them Rebels still in arms were sarily shot their houses and effects were destroyed nor did some of the officers employed in this business distinguish two nicely between men who had been out and other Scots suspected of dis affection within weeks Cumberland would obtain a new subra one that would stick the butcher Charles would sneak over to London in 1750 to meet with any remaining English jacobites that he could muster up at this time he agreed to be received into the church of England aign that he would if given the chance rule as an at least outwardly conforming Protestant within a few weeks he did realize that his cause there was failing and so he left once again for the continent he did set about purging Roman Catholics from his household though despite Charles's attempts to obtain military backing from Germany and Prussia there would be no further challenge to hanovarian rule Charles remained in exile for the remainder of his life reportedly sinking further into alcoholism into Melancholy and into violence against many of those close to him at his father's death in 1766 he took up the mantle of being the principal Jacobite claimant his 1772 marriage would produce no hires so it was when he died in 1788 his younger brother Henry benedict with whom he had developed a fractured relationship asserted his right to the throne he would however take no real action to obtain it he had made a cardinal tonsured by Pope Benedict V 14th in 1747 he was then ordained in 1748 much to his brother's dismay Henry would therefore not marry or produce heirs the year after Charles's death 1789 Pope pus I 6 officially recognized George III as the King of Great Britain Henry did complain of this treatment but did not manage to change the Pope's mind perhaps he would soon feel something close to relief at this decision though after all the late 1700s were not a good time to be recognizably royal on the continent in 1793 Louis the 16th was executed by guillotine later in the decade through Napoleon bonapart invasions of Italy Henry found his wealth depleted what he did not sign over to support the pope would soon be looted by the French Invaders his situation soon became pretty desperate in a strange turn of events though he managed to befriend George III's Envoy in Rome who was soon looking for ways to alleviate his destitute State at the start of 1800 Henry received word that King George III had granted him a pension of £4,000 a year this was ostensibly in recognition of the British government's unpaid debt to him in the matter of his grandmother Mary of moder's joint Henry Benedict Stewart the final Jacobite claimant or Pretender depending on your point of view died on the 13th of July 1807 when he was 82 years old he was interred in St Peter's Basilica in Rome there he rests alongside his father mother and brother so what do you think of this alternate Royal line of the jacobites and their cause of those who stood against against them as always I'm looking forward to reading your conversations in the comments section underneath this video I'd also love it if you could pop an emoji or a social glyph in the comments too because that will boost the engagement and the more engagement video gets the more YouTube shares it out and that will help us to grow our community as we've been talking about claims to the throne uprisings violence jackob bites International conflicts maybe you want to pick between a particular flag or perhaps something crowny and throny or maybe something Bly I'm looking forward to seeing what you choose you can also find me Elsewhere on social media I will leave links to the place you can find me on 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Catrina march.com head to the contact page you will see there is a box if you put your email in that box and submit it that will allow me to send you an email once a week to let you know what I've been up to and also to send you any useful links that you might want for my content over the coming days I hope you're going to have a great day whatever you're doing and I look forward to speaking to you all in my next video take care of yourselves bye-bye for now [Music]