【英國】【紀錄片】水平線下 Below the horizontal line 第3集 海洋汙染

72%的地球被覆蓋在水中 97%是海洋水 海洋污染是我們環境保護的最大問題 80%的海洋環境的污染來自於土壤 其中一個最大的源頭叫做無點源污染 這發生在流淚的結果中 無點源污染包括許多小源頭 例如塑造廠 車 貨車 和船 加上更多的源頭 例如農場 農場 和森林地區 數百萬的汽車引擎 每天將少量的油 淹沒在路上和停車場 許多這些油也導致海洋污染 但另一方面 垃圾給了海洋動物一個穩定的居住地 不同種類的垃圾 創造了一個非常虛擬的海洋 在倫比海洋中 它培育了許多不同種類的動物 倫比海洋的水不清晰 垃圾在浮動 雖然 一些人類世界的不機器垃圾 也可能創造了一個 虛擬的海洋給海洋動物 但許多垃圾仍然對其他人造成毒害 你可能不認為 這是真正的海洋拍攝者 它給了潛水者 機會看到更多的虛擬動物 例如蟲子 蝙蝠 堅固的靈魂磁鐵 當然,是磁鐵蝙蝠 讓我們開始我們的視覺旅程 與潛水員一起探索 淹水世界的淺水湖 你會被多種奇怪的生物吸引 你可以在淹水湖裡游泳一年 但水質會有所改變 1月至6月的水質會有所改變 潛水員會較少,但仍然可以 7月和8月 不僅有最酷的水溫 也有最豐富的蝙蝠數量 在雨季期間,在1月和2月 一些較遠的位置可能會關閉 因為淹水會變得頗為艱難 9月至10月大概是最好的月份 水深是5至30公尺 可見度約為10至30公尺 水流是溫和的 表面狀況是平靜的 水溫約為26至29度 有超過30個潛水場 適合初級或高級潛水員 淹水湖位於 蘇勒威斯島的北部,在印尼 被稱為世界上最好的淹水地方 因為這個特殊的生態系統 很多奇奇怪怪的生物都被發現 生物在這裡發掘了 非常特別的生存技術和捕魚技術 事實上,淹水湖有許多東西可供選擇 包括美麗的洞窟 森林花園和四層樓 為何淹水湖的淹水潛水 有著難以擊敗的名譽 是因為潛水員 想要簡單和方便的 接觸到極佳的潛水機會 在其他目的地 你無法看到的奇奇怪怪的海洋生活 淹水湖的淹水游泳場 收入比平均收入還要高 因為初級潛水員 每年都回歸 永遠無懈可擊的 這個海洋天堂的奇蹟 魚類以食物來形容 任何比它們小的東西 但不僅是紐德布朗克 它們是色彩繽紛的 它們的魚鰭凸出 並被淹水游泳 因為牠們的名字紐德布朗克 意味著無衣魚鰭 牠們慢慢移動身體 將氧氣通過牠們游泳的魚鰭 有千萬種類型的紐德布朗克 大多數牠們 都能被身體形狀認出 牠們在孵殖階段 與其他大多數海洋生物相似 牠們是雙向的 牠們進行了 雙向減肥 大多數類型的魚鰭 有牠們旁邊的噴射物 這些噴射物 是用來阻擋蝌蚪的 大多數魚鰭 也有簡單的嘴巴 和牙齒 紐德布朗克 牠們缺乏肩膀 紐德布朗克是荷馬弗萊特 因此牠們有 兩種性別的生育組織 但牠們很少自己種植 大多數紐德布朗克 是蝌蚪 有些牠們喫蜂蜜 有些牠們喫氯胺 有些牠們喫其他海藻 有些牠們 是牠們自己種植的 其他羣體 喫蜂蜜 蝌蚪 或蜜蜂 紐德布朗克的海洋生物 Glaucus atlanticus 是蝌蚪的特殊蝌蚪 這隻蝌蚪 把空氣吸進牠的肚子 以防牠游泳 用牠的肌肉 牽著海洋生物 如果牠找到小犧牲 Glaucus 簡單包圍牠 用牠的大嘴巴 但如果蝌蚪是 更大的海洋生物 蝌蚪會撕掉 牠的釣竿 那些帶有 最強烈的瘟疫 像其他類型的蝌蚪 Glaucus 並沒有 喫掉瘟疫 而是利用牠們 以防牠們 從牠的肚子 穿過牠的皮膚 這羣羣中 可以找到 地球上最色彩的動物 在進步的過程中 海洋生物 失去牠們的皮膚 並開發了 其他防禦機制 牠們的生命力 可能跟 牠們周圍的植物 的質感和顏色相似 讓牠們變成陰影 很多牠們 擁有濃厚的顏色 這證明牠們 是噁心或毒性的 蝌蚪 供給蝌蚪的動物 可以儲存蝌蚪的 皮膚和肚子 蝌蚪 穿過 幼兒園渠道 毫無妨礙蝌蚪 然後 蝌蚪 被帶到 蝌蚪身上的 蝌蚪 可以避免 蝌蚪和牠們的 泌尿 還不清楚 如何 但是 特別的蝌蚪 可能 扮演了重要的角色 蝌蚪 也可以 進入植物核酸 植物核酸 用於 拍攝 牠們 用植物核酸 煮食 牠們可以 喫蝌蚪 另一個保護方法 是脫離 蝌蚪的 酸液 當蝌蚪 發生了 任何問題 蝌蚪 會自動脫離 渣滓 但承載的 蝌蚪 仍然在調查中 同時 蝌蚪 常見分為 兩種 主類 蝌蚪蝌蚰 和 Dorids are recognized by the gill plume, which forms a cluster on the posterior part of the body, around the anus. Aolids have serrata on their backs, instead of the bronchial plume. Some are host to zooxanthellae, which are endosymbiont brown dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. Translucent bodies that have just about every color on the rainbow. Due to the bright, outgoing colors found on the reef, sea slugs spend most of their days cruising the ocean floor alone. This sea slug is characterized by relatively cylindrical milky white serrata, which have curved white apices. The translucent white rhinophores are relatively short and thick. The elongate oral tentacles are also translucent, white and longer than the rhinophores. This one is characterized by the complete absence of the mantle edge between the head and the well-developed lateral lobes. This specimen has an abnormal extension of the right lateral lobe. A genus of flatworm looks like a petal, benthic, diurnals, because of its aposematic colors. It has no fear to crawl around to feed. Mexichromis multituberculala is a genus of colorful sea slugs, doronudibrox, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the family Chromodurididae. This species has purple spots around the edge of the mantle. The mantle also has scattered purple-tipped tubercules. Nembrotha rudolens, classified as a separate species until 2008, has now been reclassified as Nembrotha purpurelioliniata. It is a large, pale-bodied dorid. Although the ground color is a creamy white, this is mostly hidden by a large brown patch, which covers most of the nota. Brown stripes usually run down the sides of the body, and a brown band is found around the head and anterior part of the mantle. It can grow up to 120 mm of its total length. There are several names of Janilis species. This one's name is Janilis sp. 4. It is creamy white to translucence with thick blue to purple serrata. The rhinophores are tall and slender, with the same color as their serrata. The body size is about 40 mm, and it is rarely found. This species, or color form, has recently been named Rhyspatia apalegma. It is easy to be recognized by the fancy color body with the outstanding yellow gill. There are more than 3,000 known species of nudibranch, and new ones are still being identified almost every day. They are found throughout the world's oceans, but most abundant in shallow, tropical waters. Their lifespan varies widely. Some of them may live less than a month, and others living up to one year. Apart from the colorful group, many of them would like to keep themselves in low profile. You may not even notice them if they don't make a move, hunt or be hunted. It is the rule of the food chain. Nudibranchs move on a flat, broad muscle called a foot, which leaves a slimy trail. Nudibranchs are mostly found on the ocean floor. But some can swim short distances in the water column by flexing their muscles. Nudibranchs have poor vision. While it's obviously perfectly suitable to what a nudibranch needs to do in life, their vision is lackluster compared to our standards. They can see light and dark, but not their own brilliant coloration. With their limited vision, their sense of the world is obtained through their rhinophores and oral tentacles. Nudibranchs eat colorful food, which gives them their brilliant color. Nudibranchs eat using a radula. They are carnivorous. Their prey includes sponges, coral, anemones, hydroids, barnacles, fish eggs, sea slugs and other nudibranchs. Nudibranchs are picky eaters. Individual species or families of nudibranchs may eat only one kind of prey. Nudibranchs get their bright colors from the food they eat. Nudibranchs may be toxic to their prey, but not usually to humans. Eolian nudibranchs can use their serrata for defense. When they eat prey with nematocysts, the nematocysts are eaten but not discharged and instead are stored in the nudibranch serrata where they can be used to sting predators. Dorodnudibranchs make their own toxins or absorb toxins from their food and release those into the water when needed. Despite the unsavory or toxic taste they can present to their predators, most nudibranchs are harmless to humans. One exception, Glaucus atlanticus, eats Portuguese man-of-wars and stores their venom for its own use, and touching them can result in a sting. Nudibranchs are important to science. Scientists study the relatively simple nervous system of nudibranchs to learn more about the processes of learning. Nudibranchs may also be the key to developing medicines to help humans in a variety of ways. Here is a big Spanish dancer. It grows up to its maximum length of 60 centimeters. Most common observed size is between 20 and 30 centimeters. It crawls like other sea slugs do in normal situations. The edges of its mantle are curled inwards, creating a peripheral blister. It unfolds its edges and swims through contractions and undulations of the body to move away once where it was disturbed. Flabolina rubrolonata, the nickname is purple dragon,powered by solar system. Their lifetime is indicated by the color they present. The more colorful means the more thriving they are. Tereolidia lanthina is similar to the purple dragon. Their color keeps fading out. Within one year time, they will have offspring. Then all color will disappear like a fallen leaf, merging back to the nature beautifully when they pass away. We all know how important oxygen is for us while we enjoy our lives under the sunshine and surrounded by green. We need plants to maintain the atmospheric oxygen levels for us by their energy transformation process. Some gear have been invented to support us to stay in the water, which are finally developed to nowadays scuba diving gear. Of course, you have to take some lessons to learn how to use that gear and make sure you have certain knowledge to become a scuba diver. Most scuba divers have to join some courses to learn the basic technique to being a diver. This knowledge is mainly for their personal safety. However, they will develop their hobby not just being a diver. They will be amazed by what they discover under the sea, no matter if it's showing off or sharing to others. They would like to capture their experience in the water, be an undersea photographer as well, from just taking a wide shot of underwater scenery with fishes to a medium shot of different kind of corals or self-portrait with magnificent undersea background. The silence of the sound, the slow motion of the movement and the colorful underwater world takes divers back to mother nature. They will dwell in the world, which can only be found in their childhood. Maybe this is one of the reasons you will find most of the diving trainers are quite optimistic and playful. The more you discover is the more you want to be captured by their camera. And you need to stay longer and longer in the water to catch the unpredictable moment. However, we cannot breathe in the water. But how do divers cope with the oxygen if they want to stay a longer time in the water? Breathe less and slowly? Or do they need a bigger oxygen tank? If you want to stay underwater, you should take care of oxygen and nitrogen as well. We may not be aware of the normal atmospheric air contains 21% of oxygen, 78% of nitrogen and 1% of trace gases. To reduce the risk of decompression sickness, we have to know how important the proportion of nitrogen is in scuba diving. Enriched air nitrox is air with extra oxygen, often with 32% or 36% oxygen. The reduced nitrogen may also allow for no stops or shorter decompression stop times or a shorter surface interval between dives. A common misconception is that nitrox can reduce narcosis. But research has shown that oxygen is also narcotic. Dive computers that can be programmed for use with enriched air nitrox are recommended. Is this a fish? No, this is a shrimp goby. Is this a fish? Yes, this is a hairy frogfish. And this is a walking fish. This is a warty frogfish. Yes, it is ugly and lazy. As we know, fish are natural-born swimmers. They have fins and tails. But those fish are keen on walking instead of swimming. Some scientific research assumes that humans evolved from fish. It sounds strange. But fossil evidence shows that amphibians descended from one group of ancient fish whose thick, bony fins gradually evolved into limb-like appendages. This evolution is not toward a life on land, but instead toward successful use of the underwater environment. However, the interesting thing is our eyes start out on the sides of our head at the early embryo stage, but then move to the middle. The top lip along the jaw and palate started life as gill-like structures on your neck. Your nostrils and the middle part of your lip come down from the top of your head. All bits coming together of the various elements to produce a recognizable human face requires great precision. To fuse correctly the three sections, we must grow and meet at precisely the right time in the womb. Would those crawling creatures evolve to be humans someday? There are countless ecological opportunities underwater, which is why fish still exist. When the earliest ancestors of modern amphibians left the water, they found many new opportunities on land. As amphibians and other land creatures diversified, however, fewer and fewer opportunities existed for newcomers. Fish do not need stable shelters. They stay around anywhere they feel safe as their shelters. Some of them would like to be alone. Some of them would like to be in a group. They don't need a leader to tell them what to do. They just sense each other to do the same thing. Some of them would like to bury their body under the ground for resting or waiting to be fed. Different types of fish have different preferences to stay around. Evolution is an interesting topic, but the role of extinction in evolution is not very well understood and may depend on which type of extinction is considered. The causes of the continuous low-level extinction events, which form the majority of extinctions, may be the result of competition between species for limited resources. If one species can outcompete another, this could produce species selection, with the fitter species surviving and the other species being driven to extinction. The intermittent mass extinctions are also important, but instead of acting as a selective force, they drastically reduce diversity in a nonspecific manner and promote bursts of rapid evolution and speciation in survivors. Pipefish is a subfamily of small fish, which, together with the seahorse and sea dragon, form the family Cignathidae. It looks like a straight-bodied seahorse with a tiny mouth. The name is derived from the peculiar form of the snout, which is like a long tube, enduring in a narrow and small mouth which opens upwards and is toothless. The body and tail are long, thin and snake-like. Chinese use dried seahorse and sea dragon as medicine, which is believed to enhance human's blood circulation. Seahorse hippocampus is one of the rarest creatures. Fun divers are interested in it very much. They have unusual equine shape. Pygmy seahorses are very tiny, also masters of camouflage. Serious underwater photographers would like to spend lots of time on it. Sometimes they may not be aware that their camera light can cook the poor little thing to medium rare or even well done. They are among the only animal species on Earth in which the male takes care of the unborn baby. Unlike most other fish, they are monogamous and mate for life. Shrimps play important roles in the food chain and are an important food source for larger animals, ranging from fish to whales. They can be a unique source of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory carotenoid nutrient astaxanthin. The muscular tails of many shrimp are edible to humans, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption. Many shrimp species are small as the term shrimp suggests. Larger shrimps are often referred to as prawns, particularly in Britain. Shrimps are swimming crustaceans with long, narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae. Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimps have well-developed pleopods and slender walking legs. They are more adapted for swimming than walking. Some other groups also have common names that include the word shrimp. Any small swimming crustacean resembling a shrimp tends to be called one. Xenocrab. It does look like a spider rather than a crab. It has a triangular carapace that is typically 2.5 centimeters long. Crabs are crustaceans with an enlarged cephalothorax covered by a broad, flat shell called the carapace. Extending from the cephalothorax are the various appendages. Five pairs of legs, the first pair bearing claws or pincers, are attached at the sides. Two eyes on the short, movable stocks, two short antennules, two longer antennae, and numerous mouthparts are attached at the front. At the rear, the tiny abdomen is bent under the cephalothorax. Crabs are chiefly marine, but some are terrestrial for long periods. They are omnivorous. Some are scavengers and other predators. Although they are capable of locomotion in all directions, crabs tend to move sideways. Swimming crabs have the last pair of legs flattened to form paddles. When divers want to photograph strange creatures, they think of Lembeh. With its great selection of resorts and well-trained dive guides, it might be the best muck diving and macro underwater photography destination in Indonesia. You may just have a simple plastic housing for your compact camera to go underwater photo taking. In addition, here is a brief introduction to the serious underwater photography. Since digital cameras were widely popular in the last decade, amateurs are using the same gear as the professionals. However, you need special gear to bring your professional camera underwater. Here is a dome port to go with a fisheye lens. But don't remove the protector before you put your camera in. Then turn it over and open the back door. Now check the rubber O-ring carefully. Your lens and camera body are completely reliant on this. Use an O-ring pick to take it out and check. Nice and easy. As you can see, just a tiny little hair will cause the leaking of water. You can assume that your camera and lens will be reported total lost just because of this tiny little hair. You have to use special silicone ointment to keep the O-rings in a good condition all the time. Of course, the O-ring has to be changed when it expires. After the rubber O-ring is checked, put the camera in and close the back door. Different brands of cameras have different housings to fit all buttons, which allows your camera to be fully functional underwater. Then setting up strobe, arms and clamps is very important. Setting up strobe on both sides can give the photographer more options for different lighting scenarios. Most serious underwater photographers would like to prepare their equipment by themselves. They have to decide what kind of lens they are going to use, and the range of the lighting they want. Of course, knowledge and experience are very important, but only patience and enthusiasm could keep people doing this as their hobby. In fact, lots of people can afford to buy that camera and equipment, but time is not too affordable for most holiday makers. A beautiful underwater picture does not come easy. Strobe provides the light for your camera. Water absorbs colors such as red, orange and yellow. This is why your underwater photos will look blue if you don't use a flash or strobe. The deeper you are, the more color is absorbed. Water also reduces contrast, color and sharpness, which is why underwater photos should be taken within one meter of the camera, preferably much closer. You need to get very close to your subject. Transformer has just transformed. A compatible sync cord can sync with your camera to release appropriate amounts of light when triggered. Fiber optic cable is also applicable for some cameras with pop-up flashes, but most of the full-frame digital cameras do not have the pop-up flashes. Of course, Strobe requires batteries. A different housing for a different camera goes with a different port. This port is specially made for 60mm macro lens. The port size is almost a double of the original lens to give you a wider range of focal length. You can also put on a lens extender to enlarge the image, just screw it in easily. This gap is intentional to let the water fill in between to avoid the air bubble. Then do the other transformer with the same process repeatedly. If we have to hold your camera for a bit of time to catch the best moment of the object, you may need a tripod to help. But this tripod has to work with buoyancy. Everything is checked. Now, we can go for serious underwater photo taking.