看懂這四個字，你就能瞭解清軍的內部結構 #中國歷史 #中華文化 #歷史人物 #皇帝 #清朝

In ancient China, punishment was divided into five kinds called five punishments, except for the most severe death penalty 在中國古代 刑罰被劃分爲五種稱爲五刑 其中除了 最嚴厲的死刑外 There are punishments such as tattooing nose and foot mutilation and castration and these are like seals 還有刺字 割鼻 斷足和閹割等懲罰這些標記就像印 章一樣 Let people know and avoid these ex-cons 讓人們知道並避開這些有前科的人 Over time, prison uniforms became a common identity symbol 隨着時間的推移 囚服成爲了一種常見的身份標誌 Different classes also have their own symbols 不同階層也擁有了自己的標誌 For example, in the Qing Dynasty, officials wore the patterns of bushseed on their chests and flower plumes on their heads 比如清代官員胸口的補子圖案和頭上的花翎 However, the symbols on the chest of soldiers are extremely complex, divided into four types: "soldiers, soldiers and brave soldiers" 然而 士兵胸前的標誌卻異常複雜分爲“兵 丁 卒 勇”四種類型 Although the signs don't have any rank 儘管這些標誌並沒有任何職級之分 But it has profound implications. Why? 但卻存在深刻的含義 這是爲什麼呢？ The Qing Dynasty was a dynasty founded by ethnic minorities just like when other ethnic minorities were in power 清朝是由少數民族建立的朝代像其他少數民族掌權 時期一樣 The Qing Dynasty was suspicious and afraid of the Han 清朝對漢族持懷疑和忌憚態度 Before the Manchu entered the Central Plains, its main backbone force was the Eight Banners 在滿族入主中原之前 其主要的中堅力量是八旗兵 Inlaid with yellow, yellow, white, and red, white 以鑲黃 正黃 正白 正紅 鑲白 Inlaid with red, blue and blue eight flags as symbols 鑲紅 正藍和鑲藍八種旗幟作爲標誌 Every flag has a flag, the Lord, the hereditary eight flag soldiers belong to private ownership 每個旗幟都有旗主 爵位世襲 八旗兵屬於私有制 This is because after the Manchu tribes were unified 這是因爲在滿族各部落統一之後 To give tribal leaders maximum authority for ease of administration 爲了方便管理 給各個部落首領最大的權限 However, the loss of eight banners in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was too great 然而 在明清之爭中 八旗的損失過大 Lead to the entry of the eight banners after the combat force gradually declined 導致入關後的八旗兵戰力逐漸下降 Therefore, Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty set up the Eight Banners of Mongolia and the Eight Banners of Han Army 於是 清朝太宗設置了蒙古八旗和漢軍八旗 And the green battalion by absorbing other 以及綠營兵 通過吸收其他 Nations to make up for their fighting power to unify the world 民族來彌補自己的戰鬥力 以統一天下 During this period the eight banners and green camp higher status 在此期間 八旗和綠營的身份較高 Living expenses were provided by the Qing government but as times leveled off 由清政府提供生活開銷 但隨着時局平穩 The Eight Banners and the green camp children's reproduction brought great burden to the Qing government 八旗和綠營子弟的繁衍生息給清政府帶來了很大的 負擔 The original pay was far from enough to sustain the expenses of these families 原本的兵餉遠遠不足以維持這些兵戶的開銷 And these people don't have access to other professions and they're living in poverty 而這些人也沒有辦法從事其他職業 生活十分窘迫 Things are good for the green camp 對於綠營 情況還不錯 After all, they are Han Chinese and a little appeasement won't cause much fuss 畢竟他們都是漢人稍微撫慰一下就不會引起太大的 騷動 But the flag man is different 但是旗人就不同了 They had followed the emperor all the way from the northeast 他們是從東北跟隨皇帝一路征戰而來的 If it's not taken care of properly, gossip starts 如果不能得到妥善照顧 就會引發閒話紛紛 Therefore, in order to alleviate the contradiction, the Qing government expanded the number of soldiers so that the flag men had a certain ability to save themselves 因此 爲了緩解矛盾 清政府擴大了兵額讓旗人有了 一定的自救能力 So both young and old signed up 於是 不論老幼 都掛名入兵籍 That way every family gets paid 這樣一來 每戶人家都能領到兵餉 But it is a pity that the quality of soldiers under the Eight Banners has deteriorated rapidly 但可惜的是 八旗士兵的質量急轉直下 It is no longer as brave as in the reign of Kangxi and the discipline is too weak to be beaten 已經不像康熙年間那樣驍勇善戰紀律也渙散不堪一 擊 Anyway, did the court give the Eight Banners and the Green camp corresponding titles 不管怎樣 朝廷還是給了八旗和綠營相應的稱號 The soldiers we know have the word "bing" on their chests 我們所熟知的那些士兵胸口上有“兵”字 The equivalent of civil servants being fed and fed by the government 相當於公務員 由政府管着吃喝 However, as the population grows and the army expands, the vicious circle continues 然而 隨着人口增長和擴大兵額的惡性循環 The Qing Court was once again faced with the problem of customs entry 清廷再度面臨昔日入關的問題 That is, the war force is insufficient to deal with domestic and foreign contradictions and conflicts 即戰力不足 無法應對國內外的矛盾與衝突 As mentioned above, the disadvantages of the Eight Banners have emerged in Kangxi's period when the three vassals were in chaos 如前所述 康熙年間應對三藩之亂時八旗的弊端已 經顯現 In the reign of Qianlong and Jiaqing, corruption in Green Camp became increasingly serious 到了乾隆 嘉慶年間 綠營的腐敗問題也日益嚴重 Now the two main forces are not up to the task and have to find a new way 這下子 兩個主要戰力都無法勝任必須重新尋找出 路 But before looking for a way out must think why eight flags and 但在尋找出路之前 必須思考爲什麼八旗和 The green battalion's strength has fallen so fast 綠營的戰力下降得如此之快 Zeng Guofan and others came up with the reason during the Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion 曾國藩和其他人想到了原因於是在鴉片戰爭和太平 天國期間 Zeng Guofan founded Xiangyong 曾國藩創建了湘勇 This is the recruitment system. In the early days, Eight Banners and Green battalions had their own fixed divisions 這就是招募制度早先八旗和綠營都有自己的固定分 區 It's like a military district just guarding its own land 就像是軍區一樣 只負責守衛自己的土地 But Xiang Yong is different. They have no hereditary system and no fixed land 但湘勇不同 他們沒有世襲的體制也沒有固定的土 地 Whenever there is war, they must go to war 只要有戰亂 他們就必須前去作戰 They were initially disbanded after the war effort but then Zeng Guofan set up a system 最初 他們是戰時募集事畢解散 但隨後曾國藩制定 了制度 These did not have the establishment of the township brave people suddenly rose up and brave camp system should be transported 這些沒有編制的鄉勇百姓異軍突起於是勇營制度應 運而 This group of temporary workers do not get the same treatment as regular workers 這羣臨時工的待遇確實不如正式工 According to the Draft of Qing History, the number of soldiers in the Yong battalion varies 據《清史稿》記載 勇營的兵員數量不一 Weapons vary and there is no fixed amount of pay 武器好壞不一 練兵餉也沒有固定的數額 The role of temporary workers, however, transcends that of regular workers 儘管如此 這些臨時工的作用卻完全超越了正式工 They also have their own symbol -- "brave" 他們還有自己的標誌——“勇” These humble "miscellaneous soldiers" were once regarded as appendages of the Qing Court's regular army 這些不起眼的“雜兵”曾被視爲清廷正規軍的附庸 However, before Zeng Guofan detailed the system 然而在曾國藩細化制度之前 Zeng Guofan worked out a series of incentives for soldiers in the brave battalion 曾國藩爲勇營的士兵制定了一系列的獎勵措施 These incentives have raised the spirits of the Yongying community from Jiangnan to Xinjiang 這些獎勵措施讓勇營羣情高漲 從江南到新疆 They single-handedly prolonged the fall of the Qing Dynasty for a long time 他們以一己之力將大清的國祚硬生生延長了許久 This system of Yong Ying undoubtedly became the backbone of the defense of the state in the late Qing Dynasty 勇營的這種制度無疑成爲清朝晚期保衛國家的中堅 力量 The Qing government decided to formally enter the historical stage in accordance with the establishment of the Hunan Army 清政府決定按照湘軍的編制練軍勇營正式登上歷史 舞臺 However, after the Sino-Japanese naval Battle, no matter how optimized the military system, it is difficult to resist the impact of foreign guns 然而 甲午海戰之後 兵制再怎麼優化也很難抵擋洋 槍洋炮的衝擊 The Qing government began to reform in the hope of having a new army with advanced western weapons 清政府開始改革希望能擁有一支掌握西方先進兵器 的新軍 But it's a good idea but it doesn't change 但是 這種想法固然是好的 只是思想沒有改變 Even if you give an ant an atomic bomb it will still be ruthlessly crushed to death 就算給螞蟻一顆原子彈 它仍舊會被無情的碾死 This reform of the Qing government laid the ruin for itself 清朝政府的這次改革 給自己埋下了覆滅的禍患 Haven't you put your new army to good use 一手培養起來的新軍還沒怎麼派上用場 Became the first effective force to end Manchu rule 就成爲終結滿清統治的第一股有生力量 In addition to the military system, many films and television programs also have many staff dressed in "Ding" and "pawn" 除了軍制 很多影視作品裏還有許多身着“丁”和 “卒”的工作人員 So who are they? Before that, let's take a look at the evolution of the "official" 那麼 他們是什麼人呢？在此之前 我們先來了解一 下“吏”的演變 The so-called "officials" are officials or county officials in charge of the government affairs of a county 正所謂“官吏” 官是官 吏是吏縣官管理着一個縣 城的政務 And his "officials" had to collect taxes, watch the prison, count the expenses and other work 而手下的“吏”則有收稅的看管牢房的 統計支出 的等工作 These helpers who assisted county officials in handling government affairs were collectively called "officials". 這些輔助縣官處理政務的幫手統稱爲“吏” Depending on the dynasty, some "officials" could be hereditary while others had to be maintained by the county magistrate himself 根據朝代不同 有些“吏”是可以世襲的有些則需 要縣官自己養着 For example, county officials in the Ming Dynasty were mobile 比如明朝時期 各地的縣官都是流動的 After passing the imperial examination, he was assigned to serve as a cadre at various grassroots levels 考中了科舉就被安排到各個基層當幹部 But the local petty officials are rooted in the region 但當地的胥吏卻是紮根地方的 There appeared the "running water of the county magistrate iron beat petty officials" this situation 就出現了“流水的縣官鐵打的胥吏”這種情況 Petty officials dare not disobey their superiors but as "local snakes" 胥吏不敢不聽長官的 不過作爲“地頭蛇” It's enough to get the officer in trouble 陽奉陰違也足以讓長官焦頭爛額 Many of the vices of the Ming Dynasty still existed during the Qing Dynasty 在清朝時期 許多明代的惡習仍然存在 Every yamen had a large number of local petty officers in cahoots with the squire 每個衙門都有大量當地的胥吏與鄉紳互相勾結 Since there are few officials, the people can only directly contact these petty officials who deal with specific affairs 由於長官很少出現百姓只能直接接觸這些處理具體 政務的胥吏 These petty officials held the "final interpretation power" of the orders of the superior, so there were many problems 這些胥吏握有長官命令的“最終解釋權”因此出現 了許多問題 Such as the measurement of land increase or decrease engineering deduction 如丈量田地增減 工程剋扣等 The chief has a way up and doesn't want to be in charge of these local snakes 長官有上升的渠道 也不想多管這些地頭蛇 Therefore, there is often a miasma in the place 因此地方上經常存在烏煙瘴氣的情況 The attitude of the people towards petty officials verged on disgust 老百姓對待胥吏的態度幾近厭惡 A pawn is an official who supervises prisoners “卒”是監管犯人的一種吏員 Even though it changed from "warder" to "jailer" 雖然從之前的“獄吏”變成了“獄卒” But these men were riddled with the vices of warders from ancient times 但這些人身上充斥着自古以來獄吏都有的惡習 They blatantly demanded bribes 他們明目張膽地索要賄賂 "Outlaws of the Marsh" Liangshan heroes as long as there are prison 《水滸傳》中 梁山好漢只要有入獄的 I'm sure the warders will keep an eye on them 定會上下打點 讓獄吏好生照看 And so it was in the following dynasties 到了之後的幾個朝代也是如此 No matter what the offender's family wants them to suffer less in prison 無論犯了什麼罪犯人的家人都想讓他們在監牢裏少 受苦 But these pawns are not just waiting to be paid 但是 這些卒不僅僅只是等着收錢就行了 Local officials are itinerant when their terms expire or their achievements are sufficient 地方官是流動的 任期滿了或者政績夠了自然有上 升的渠道 But these grassroots workers can't change their fate and prefer to stick to their jobs 然而 這些基層工作人員改變不了自己的命運寧願 守着自己的工作 As a result, they also abused the prisoner or asked for money with explicit hints from the prisoner's family 因此 他們還會虐待犯人或是明着暗示犯人的家屬 用來索要錢財 For some small things they will sit together to eat and drink and live a comfortable life just 對於一些小事情 他們會坐在一起吃喝過着舒適愜 意的生活 In addition to pawn dramas, there are often actors with the word ding on their chest 除了“卒” 電視劇中還經常出現胸口頂着“丁” 字的演員 These men are also not formally organized as if they were in the service 這些人同樣沒有正式編制 就像服役一樣 If the court needs them they have to go up and help 如果朝廷需要他們 他們就得上去幫忙 These Ding were mainly made up of Han Chinese and did coolie work 這些丁主要由漢人組成 乾的是些苦力工作 Such as transporting grain, grass and supplies 如押送糧草 運輸物資等 Even though these guys don't look like they need to go to war 雖然這些人看起來好像不需要親身上戰場 But everyone knows that war depends on more than strength and strategy 但是人人都知道 戰爭除了要依靠實力和策略 It also relies on logistics 還需要依靠後勤 These people's lives are at risk if the logistics don't keep up 如果後勤跟不上 這些人的生命就會受到威脅 Because the best way to defeat an army is according to the wisdom of war 因爲根據兵法的智慧 打敗一支軍隊最好的方式 By cutting off each other's food supply 就是先砍斷對方的糧草供應 So Ding's job is not so safe 因此 “丁”的工作並不那麼安全 And the pawns have a chance to make some personal gains 而“卒”們還有機會從中牟取一些私利 Everyone turned a blind eye but the task of transporting supplies was Paramount 雖然大家都睜一隻眼閉一隻眼但是押送糧草的任務 卻是重中之重 This is not only a lot of work but also a huge responsibility 這不僅是一項繁重的工作 還承擔着巨大的責任 So to sum up as the last feudal dynasty 綜上所述 作爲最後一個封建王朝 The Qing government had always adopted a policy of suppressing the Han 清朝政府一直採用壓制漢族的政策 Their biggest contradiction is that they want to pass on the one hand 他們的最大矛盾在於一方面想通過 The slogan of "Man and Han are one family" stabilizes the world's scholars “滿漢一家親”的口號穩定天下的讀書人 On the other hand, they worry about the rise of the Han again 而另一方面又擔心漢族再次崛起 However, in an emergency they had to use the Han to protect the Qing state 然而 在緊急關頭他們不得不動用漢人來保護清朝 的社稷 In the history of Chinese civilization, there have been many regimes established by ethnic minorities 中國文明歷史上有很多少數民族建立的政權 But many minorities have opted for integration 但許多少數民族都選擇了融合 Both the Northern Wei and Liao considered themselves orthodox in the Central Plains 無論是北魏還是遼國 他們都認爲自己是中原正統 But it never oppressed the people or even the Mongol Yuan Dynasty against the Han 但卻從不壓迫百姓 甚至蒙古元朝對漢人的 Nor does oppression rise to the spiritual level 壓迫也沒有上升到精神層面 On the one hand, the Qing government wanted to be the master of China 清政府一方面想成爲華夏的主人 On the other hand, there's nothing we can do about it 另一方面卻束手無策 無法解決這個問題 This led to more than 100 years of constant civil uprisings in the Qing Dynasty that were never completely eradicated 這導致了清朝百餘年間的不斷民間起義從來沒有得 到根治 The Chinese people do not identify themselves by blood 華夏民族並不是通過血統來認同自己的族羣 It's based on cultural identity and belonging 而是基於文化認同和歸屬感 What unites nations is not power but respect for culture and mutual trust 能夠團結各個民族的並不是強權而是對文化的尊重 和相互信任