Han Feizi The Machiavelli of China Audiobook Part 2

Chapter 9. Eight Villainies. In general, ministers can be led to commit villainy through eight ways. The first is through the bribery of sharers of the same bed. This refers to how ministers would use attractive ladies, beloved concubines, feminine courtiers, and charming young men to bewitch the ruler. Taking advantage of the ruler's relaxed state after governmental work, and exploiting his drunkenness and satisfaction, these sharers of the same bed manipulate the ruler to get what they want. They secretly bribe them with gold and jewelry to bewilder the ruler. This is what is meant by, the bribery of sharers of the same bed. The second way is through the bribery of bystanders. This refers to actors, jesters, clowns, attendants, and courtiers who act overly eager to serve the ruler even before he gives any orders. They anticipate his needs by observing his facial expressions and gestures, aiming to please him before he makes up his mind. These people act as a unified group, responding and replying in harmony to sway the ruler's decisions. Ministers bribe them secretly with gifts like gold, jewelry, and curiosities, encouraging them to deceive the ruler for their benefit. This is what is meant by, through the bribery of bystanders. The third way is through the entertainment of uncles and brothers. This refers to how the sovereign favors sons from concubines and seeks advice from prime ministers and court officials, who hold significant influence. Ministers entertain the sons of concubines with music and beauties and use flattery and manipulation to win the favor of prime ministers and court officials. They make promises and submit projects through them, ensuring that when tasks are accomplished, their ranks and rewards increase, satisfying their own desires. In this way, they make these influential figures violate the trust of the ruler. This is what is meant by, through the entertainment of uncles and brothers. The fourth way is through fostering calamities. This refers to the ruler's tendency to enjoy embellishing palaces, terraces, and pools and lavishly decorating people and animals to amuse himself, which can lead to calamities. Ministers exploit this by using the people's labor and increasing taxes to enhance palaces and decorations, appealing to the ruler's They follow his whims to gain advantages for themselves. This is what is meant by, through fostering calamities. The fifth way is through buying up vagabonds. This refers to how ministers distribute public funds to please the masses and offer small favors to win the support of the common people. By doing so, they gain praises and popularity, both in the court and in public places, and deceive the ruler to fulfill their own desires. This is what is meant by, through buying up vagabonds. The sixth way is through the employment of skilled orators. This means that the ruler, being cut off from various sources of information, rarely hears different opinions and discussions. Therefore, he becomes susceptible to changing his mind due to the influence of eloquent persuaders. Ministers find articulate speakers from other feudal states and groom persuasive individuals within their own country. These speakers artfully present their self-seeking agendas using convincing and polished language, manipulating false statements to show the ruler the benefits and powers they can offer, as well as the calamities and disadvantages he should avoid. This way, they lead the ruler astray. This is what is meant by, through the employment of skilled orators. The seventh way is through the irrigation of authority and strength. This refers to how the ruler maintains his authority and power by gaining the support of officials and the people. Whatever he approves is considered good by them, and whatever he disapproves is seen as bad. Ministers then gather bold swordsmen and desperate individuals to display their authority, making it known that those who align with them will prosper, while those who oppose them will face severe consequences. They use this intimidation to control officials and the people and act selfishly. This is what is meant by, through the irrigation of authority and strength. The eighth way is through the accumulation of support from the four directions. This means that if the ruler's country is small and weak, he must submit to the demands of larger powers and fear stronger armies. The small country must accept the requests of larger powers and obey the commands of stronger armies. In response, ministers increase taxes, deplete public treasuries and military supplies, and exhaust the country's resources to serve larger powers and utilize their influence to manipulate the ruler. In more extreme cases, they might even invite foreign troops to gather at the borders while keeping their sovereign confined within the country. Alternatively, they might invite envoys from enemy states to manipulate and intimidate their ruler. This is what is meant by, through the accumulation of support from the four directions. These eight ways are generally how ministers can be led to commit villainy, and they often lead the rulers of the present age to be deluded, manipulated, and deprived of their power and Therefore, every sovereign should carefully study these methods. An intelligent ruler, when it comes to women, may appreciate their beauty but should not yield to their pleas and requests. As for those close to him, although he may enjoy their company, he must hold them accountable for their words and never let them express unnecessary opinions. Regarding uncles, brothers, and chief vassals, the ruler should consider their advice, but hold them responsible for failures and reward them for successes, avoiding arbitrary promotions. In matters of seeking pleasure and enjoying curios, the ruler should appoint specific individuals to handle them and not allow anyone to freely bring in or take out such objects, preventing ministers from anticipating the sovereign's desires. When it comes to distributing favors, it should be done at the ruler's discretion, utilizing the emergency treasury and public storehouses for the benefit of people. No minister should be allowed to grant personal favors. Regarding discussions and persuasions, the ruler should assess the abilities of those reputed to be good and point out the flaws of those considered bad, but he should not allow the ministers to speak with each other about these matters. Concerning bold and strong individuals, the ruler should not neglect rewarding merit on the battlefield or punishing boldness in local disputes, and no minister should provide them with private money. As for requests from other feudal lords, lawful ones should be granted, while unlawful ones should be rejected. The so-called doomed ruler is not one who has lost his state, but one who has a state but is not in control. If he allows his ministers to control domestic affairs through the support they receive from other powers, the ruler will be doomed to ruin. Even if obeying big powers seems to save the country from ruin, such ruin will come faster than if he disobeys. Therefore, he should never obey them. Once the ministers realize the ruler won't obey, they won't seek alliances with other feudal lords. And when the feudal lords see that the ruler won't obey, they won't trust any of his ministers to deceive him. The reason why an intelligent ruler establishes posts, offices, ranks, and rewards is to promote the worthy and encourage men of merit. Hence, it is said, the worthy receive substantial rewards and hold high offices. Men of merit gain honorable ranks and receive generous rewards. The ruler appoints the This approach encourages worthies to serve the ruler without concealing their abilities and allows men of merit to advance in their careers, resulting in successful tasks and achievements. That is not the case in modern times. There is no longer any discrimination between the worthy and unworthy, nor any distinction between men of merit and those with none. Anyone favored by feudal lords is granted a position, and any request made by courtiers is fulfilled. Uncles, brothers, and chief vassals ask the sovereign for ranks and rewards, then sell them to their inferiors to accumulate money and benefits, supporting their own dependents. As a result, those with wealth and advantages purchase offices to gain noble status, and those with connections to courtiers seek grants to enhance their social standing. In this environment, officials who have served the country meritoriously are overlooked, and the allocation of posts and offices deviates from the legitimate path. Consequently, everyone in government service disregards their responsibilities, cultivates relationships with foreign powers, neglects their duties, and pursues money in every way, causing worthies to lose heart and stop putting in effort, while men of merit waste their time and abandon their careers. This is the atmosphere of a decaying country, indeed. Now, let's consider the ten faults. The first fault is practicing loyalty in trivial matters, which betrays loyalty in significant matters. The second fault is valuing small advantages, which hampers the pursuit of greater advantages. The third fault is forcing personal bias, asserting oneself, and behaving disrespectfully before feudal lords, leading to self-destruction. The fourth fault is neglecting political counsel and indulging in trivial pursuits, leading to misery. The fifth fault is being covetous, self-opinionated, and driven solely by greed, which is the root cause of state ruin and self-destruction. The sixth fault is indulging in trivial pleasures and neglecting state affairs, foreshadowing the downfall of the state. The seventh fault is leaving home for distant travels and ignoring remonstrances, putting one's esteemed position at home in jeopardy. The eighth fault is committing errors, refusing to listen to loyal ministers, and enforcing one's own opinions, leading to the destruction of one's reputation and becoming a subject of ridicule. The ninth fault is failing to consolidate forces within one's borders and relying on foreign feudal lords, which brings the calamity of dismemberment to the country. The tenth fault is insulting powerful nations despite the smallness of one's own country and disregarding advice from remonstrants, which paves the way for the extermination of one's Practicing small loyalty refers to showing loyalty in trivial or insignificant matters while failing to demonstrate true loyalty in significant or crucial situations. For instance, in the historical account of King Kung of Chu and the High Commissioner of the Army, Su Fan, there was a battle where Chu suffered a defeat. During the fighting, Su Fan, feeling thirsty, asked his attendant, Shu Yong Ko, for a drink. Yong Ko brought him a cup of wine, but Su Fan, not recognizing it as wine, drank it and ended up getting drunk. Later, when King Kung called for a conference, Su Fan used a pretext to avoid attending, which was taken as a lack of concern for the king's welfare. When the king visited Su Fan's tent and smelled wine, he felt disappointed and decided to retreat from the battle. Eventually, Su Fan was beheaded as a punishment for his disgraceful behavior. This incident illustrates how Su Fan's small act of disloyalty in drinking wine during a battle showed his true lack of loyalty to the king, leading to severe consequences for him. What is meant by esteeming small advantages? Esteeming small advantages refers to valuing minor benefits or gains over more significant or long-term advantages. In the historical account of Duke Xian of Qin planning to invade Kuo through Yu, his advisor, Sun Shi, suggested bribing the duke of Yu with valuable gifts such as jade and horses from Chu. The duke of Qin hesitated, considering that these gifts were precious treasures, and if they were accepted, it might not guarantee the way through Yu. Sun Shi assured the duke that if the duke of Yu accepted the gifts, it would ensure their passage through Yu, and if not, he would not accept the He emphasized that the small advantage of keeping the treasures and horses safe in the treasury or stables was not worth worrying about compared to the significant advantage of gaining access to the desired route. In this case, esteeming small advantages would have led to the duke of Qin being overly cautious and missing the opportunity to achieve his larger goal of invading Kuo. Sun Shi's counsel encouraged the duke to focus on the more substantial advantage and take the The duke of Yu, considering the jade and horses to be valuable assets, contemplated granting Qin's request for passage through his territory to invade Kuo. However, Kung Qi Qi advised against it, explaining that Yu and Kuo were interconnected, just like a carriage and its wheels. If Qin was allowed to pass through and Kuo fell, Yu would be next. Kung Qi Qi urged the duke not to grant the request, but the duke ignored the advice and allowed Qin to proceed. Three years later, Sun Shi sought revenge and invaded Yu, ultimately conquering the country. When Sun Shi returned with the horses and jade, he reported the victory to Duke Xian. The duke was pleased with the result, but he noticed that the horses' teeth had grown longer, indicating the hardships they endured during the campaign. The duke of Yu's pursuit of small advantages without considering the consequences led to his army's peril and his country's dismemberment, as the saying goes, to esteem small advantages hampers large advantages. What is meant by Enforcing Personal Bias? In the past, King Ling of Chu organized an interstate conference at Shen. However, when the crown prince of Sung arrived late, he was arrested and put in jail. The king also insulted the ruler of Shu and detained Qing Feng of Cai. A middle chamberlain remonstrated with the king, emphasizing the importance of adhering to interstate etiquette during such conferences, as they could have significant consequences for the involved countries. The chamberlain warned that past incidents of breached etiquette led to revolts and uprisings. Unfortunately, King Ling refused to listen to this counsel and enforced his own opinions instead. Within ten years, King Ling went on a tour to the south, where he faced harassment from the officials. This resulted in King Ling starving to death by the dry brook. The saying goes, to enforce personal bias and assert oneself leads to self-destruction. King Ling's unwillingness to heed advice and his insistence on acting according to his own preferences ultimately led to his downfall. What is meant by Indulging in the Five Musical Notes? In ancient times, Duke Ling of Wei was on his way to Qin and stopped by the Pu Water. He took a break, loosened his carriage, and let the horses rest while setting up a pavilion for a stay. Around midnight, he heard someone playing a new and captivating piece of music that delighted him. In the morning, he sent men to find the musician, but they returned empty-handed. So, he called musician Chuan and asked him to listen to the music and recreate it. Musician Chuan agreed and spent the night playing the harp to copy the tune. The next day, he reported to Duke Ling that he had learned it but needed more practice. They decided to stay another night to perfect the piece. After mastering it, they continued their journey to Qin. Upon arriving at Duke Ping of Qin's place, they were treated to a wine feast at the Shi'i Tower. As the drinking session reached its peak, Duke Ling stood up and expressed his desire to showcase the novel music he had discovered. Duke Ping agreed, and Duke Ling summoned musician Chuan to play the harp alongside musician Chuan. However, before the performance concluded, musician Chuan interrupted and stopped the music, warning that it was a state-ruining piece and should not be played to the end. Duke Ping inquired about the origin of the music, and musician Chuan revealed that it was composed by musician Yen and presented to King Chao in the past. When King Wu attacked Chao, musician Yen fled eastward and drowned himself in the Pu Water. Thus, the music was only heard near the Pu Water, and anyone who heard it performed would witness their homeland being torn apart. Despite the warning, Duke Ping found himself particularly amused by music and insisted on hearing the full tune. So musician Chuan proceeded to perform it to completion. Duke Ping was pleased, and the audience enjoyed the performance. The phrase, indulging in the five musical notes, signifies Duke Ling's fascination and delight in new and captivating music. It suggests that his passion for novel tunes blinded him to the potential harm associated with certain pieces, even those believed to be ominous and destructive for the state. Is the pure sibilant tune the saddest among all? asked the duke. No, replied musician Chuan, it is not as sad as the pure lingual tune. Curious, the duke inquired further, is it possible to hear the pure lingual tune? To which musician Chuan responded, no, in antiquity, only rulers of virtue and justice were worthy of hearing the pure lingual tune. Your highness, as your virtue is still shallow, does not yet deserve to hear it. The duke, however, persisted, expressing his strong desire to hear it. Reluctantly, musician Chuan held up the harp and played the tune. During the performance, a remarkable sight unfolded. Black cranes, numbering sixteen, flew in from the south and gathered on the ridge of the gallery roof. As the second part played, they lined up in perfect formation. In the third part, they raised their necks and sang while stretching their wings to dance. The notes resonated, creating a heavenly ambience. Duke Ping and the audience were thoroughly amused and delighted. Afterward, Duke Ping raised his wine cup to offer a toast to musician Chuan, expressing his wishes for the musician's health and happiness. As he sat back down, he inquired, is there no tune sadder than the pure lingual tune? Musician Chuan responded, it is not as sad as the pure dental tune. Intrigued, the duke asked if it was possible to hear the pure dental tune. Musician Chuan explained that in ancient times, the Yellow Emperor gathered devils and spirits atop the western Tai Mountain in a grand assembly. He composed the pure dental tune in their presence, while riding in a divine carriage pulled by dragons, with various mythical beings accompanying him. As the duke's virtue was still limited, musician Chuan expressed concern about playing the tune. However, Duke Ping, being elderly and fascinated by music, insisted on hearing it. Reluctantly, musician Chuan played the pure dental tune, and as the performance progressed, dark clouds appeared from the northwestern direction. A powerful hurricane followed, accompanied by torrential rain that wreaked havoc on the surroundings, tearing tents and curtains, breaking bowls and cups, and even sweeping down the gallery's tiles. The terrified audience scattered, and Duke Ping sought refuge in a gallery room. From that point on, the Qin State suffered from continuous dry weather and a barren land for three years, and Duke Ping himself fell gravely ill. Thus, the saying goes, to neglect political counsels and indulge in the five musical notes drives one to misery. What is meant by, keeping covetous and self-opinionated? Keeping covetous and self-opinionated, refers to the personality traits and behavior of Earl Qi Yao, a historical figure. It means that he had a strong inclination towards acquiring more wealth and possessions, and he held a high opinion of himself, often believing that his own ideas and desires were superior to others. In the historical account, after Earl Qi Yao's successful military campaigns, he demanded land from Han and Wei, two other states. When faced with resistance from Han, one of his advisors, Tuan Kuei, warned that Earl Qi was driven by a desire for gain and had an inflated sense of his own importance. Tuan Kuei feared that if Han refused to comply with the demand, Earl Qi would likely resort to military force. To avoid conflict, Han eventually agreed to cede a county to Earl Qi, which pleased him. Similarly, when Earl Qi demanded land from Wei, another advisor named Chou Chia advised Viscount Suan of Wei to comply and give in to the demand to avoid potential military aggression from Earl Qi. Again, the desire to avoid conflict led to the cession of land to Earl Qi. The phrase, keeping covetous and self-opinionated, highlights Earl Qi Yao's ambitious and self-centered nature, which influenced his interactions with other states and his pursuit of more territories and resources. Earl Qi finally sent emissaries to Chou to demand the districts of Sai and Kaolang. However, Viscount Sang of Chou refused to comply with the demand. In response, Earl Qi formed a secret alliance with Han and Wei with the intention of invading Chou. Upon learning of this, Viscount Sang sought counsel from his advisor, Chong Meng Tan. Viscount Sang expressed his concern that Earl Qi appeared kind on the surface but was actually unkind to everyone. He feared that Earl Qi would move his troops against Chou, putting his state in a precarious position. Chong Meng Tan suggested that Viscount Sang relocate to Qingyang, a city well-governed by the capable Minister Tung An Yu during Viscount Chen's rule. Following Chong Meng Tan's advice, Viscount Sang summoned Yen Ling Yu and ordered him to lead the military forces to Qingyang while he followed. Upon arriving, Viscount Sang inspected the city and discovered that the city walls were in poor repair, there was a lack of stored grain, money in the treasury, and adequate armor and weapons. Fearing the imminent threat, Viscount Sang sought Chong Meng Tan's counsel once again. Chong Meng Tan advised Viscount Sang to follow the example of the sage's governance, focusing on preserving resources among the people rather than hoarding them in the treasury or armory. He suggested that the Viscount issue an emergency decree, urging the people to keep enough food and money for three years and contribute any surplus to the He also called for men who were not involved in essential family duties to help repair the city walls. Viscount Sang promptly issued the decree. As a result, within five days, the storehouses were filled with grain, the treasury with money, and the armory with armor and weapons. The city walls were successfully repaired, and Chao was prepared to defend itself against the potential invasion. Then the Viscount called for Chong Meng Tan and inquired, Even though our city walls are now in good condition, we have enough provisions for defense, sufficient money in grain, and an abundance of armor and weapons, we still lack arrows. What can we do about that? Chong Meng Tan replied, As I have heard, during Tung Su's governance of Chinyong, the fences of the public hall were adorned with bush clovers and thorny reeds on their outer enclosures, which have now grown to a height of ten feet. If Your Highness takes them out and uses them, there will be more than enough arrows. Acting upon this advice, the Viscount had the reeds and bushes taken out, tested them, and found them to be as sturdy as fragrant bamboo stems. Later, the Viscount faced another concern, We have enough arrows now, but what can we do without metal? Chong Meng Tan responded, I have heard that during Tung Su's governance of Chinyong, the drawing rooms of the public hall and the public dormitory were furnished with columns and pedestals made of refined copper. If Your Highness retrieves and uses them, there will be more than enough metal. Following this advice, the Viscount had the copper columns and pedestals retrieved, providing ample metal resources. With the necessary preparations and orders in place for defense, the armies of the three enemy countries finally arrived at Chinyong. Immediately after their arrival, the enemy armies launched an attack on the city walls of Chinyong and fierce fighting ensued. However, despite three months of engagement, they were unable to capture the city. As a result, they decided to spread out their troops and besiege the city, diverting the water of the nearby river to flood it. This prolonged siege lasted for three years, during which the people inside the city had to resort to making makeshift shelters and hanging up their cooking utensils for survival. With resources dwindling, and officers and officials exhausted, Viscount Sang expressed his concerns to Chong Mang Tan, stating that they might not be able to hold out much longer. He contemplated surrendering the city, but he sought advice on which country he should surrender to. In response, Chong Mang Tan advised against surrender, quoting the saying that a wise man should strive to rescue a doomed city and protect an endangered object from harm. He suggested a bold plan of his own, proposing to sneak out through the water and meet with the rulers of Han and Wei to seek their assistance. Upon meeting the rulers of Han and Wei, Chong Mang Tan warned them about the imminent danger of falling prey to Earl Qi's invasion after Chao's downfall. The rulers acknowledged the likelihood of such an outcome, but they were hesitant to act openly against Earl Qi due to his suspicious and unkind nature. Chong Mang Tan offered a solution by keeping their scheme confidential, with only him being aware of the plan. In secrecy, they plotted the revolt of the two armies against Earl Qi, and a specific date was set. That night, Chong Mang Tan returned to Qingyang and informed Viscount Sang about the alliance they had formed with the rulers of Han and Wei. The Viscount was both frightened and pleased by the development and warmly welcomed Mang Tan, expressing his gratitude for the assistance and support. After sending Chong Mang Tan away with their promise, the two rulers paid a visit to Earl Qi. On their way out, they encountered Qi Kuo outside the commander's headquarters. Observing their demeanor, Qi Kuo grew suspicious and went to inform Earl Qi about his concerns. He perceived a change in the rulers' behavior, noting their high spirits and less cautious attitude. He advised the Earl to take immediate action to prevent any potential insurrection. However, Earl Qi had full confidence in the covenant he made with the two rulers, as they had a strong alliance. He believed they would not deceive him, and he saw the imminent capture of Chao as a means to divide its territory among themselves. Earl Qi dismissed Qi Kuo's warnings, confident that the two rulers would remain loyal. The following day, the two rulers visited Earl Qi again, and once more, they encountered Qi Kuo at the commander's headquarters. Qi Kuo reiterated his suspicions, informing Earl Qi that the rulers had taken notice of him after their previous meeting, which further reinforced his belief in their plans for an insurrection. Qi Kuo suggested that if Earl Qi was unwilling to kill the two rulers, he should cultivate stronger friendships with them. He proposed promising the rulers to infest their counselors, Chao Chia and Tuan Kuei, each with a county of 10,000 families after the fall of Chao. This promise would give the rulers no reason to However, Earl Qi was not convinced and worried that such enfaoffments would reduce his gains upon the division of Chao's territory. He declined Qi Kuo's advice, dismissing the idea of enfaoffing the counselors. Unsatisfied with the response, Qi Kuo decided to distance himself from Earl Qi's camp and change his kinsmen into the Fu clan. On the appointed night, the Chao clan carried out a successful attack, destroying the enemy garrisons of the dykes and causing the water to flood Earl Qi's army. The troops of Earl Qi, focused on keeping the water out, fell into disarray. Meanwhile, Han and Wei launched surprise attacks from both sides, while Viscount Sang led his forces to raid the front. Together, they overwhelmingly defeated Earl Qi's troops, leading to his capture and subsequent death. His forces were defeated, his country was divided into three parts, and he became a laughingstock in the eyes of the world. Hence the saying. To keep covetous and self-opinionated fosters the root of self-destruction. Regarding the phrase, indulging in women singers, it refers to the actions of ancient rulers who embraced extravagance and luxurious lifestyle. When Duke Miu asked Yu Yu about the right way of government, Yu Yu explained that intelligent rulers of the past won and lost their states based on their frugality or extravagance. He cited examples of rulers like Yao, Yu Shun, and Yu, who gained or lost obedience from the feudal states depending on their level of extravagance and refinement. The more they indulged in luxurious items like fancy table wares, decorative cushions, and ornamental vehicles, the less willing the states were to obey them. Thus, Yu Yu emphasized the importance of frugality in governance as the right way to lead a state successfully. After Yu Yu left, Duke Miu called upon the officer of the censorate, Liao, and expressed his concern about Yu Yu's presence as a sage in a neighboring country, posing a threat to their state. Liao suggested a cunning plan to disturb the king of Yong's state affairs by gifting him women singers. This would cause discord between Yu Yu and the king, allowing them to plot against Yong later. Duke Miu agreed and sent 16 women singers as a present to the king of Yong, who became captivated by their performances. He indulged in feasts, drinking parties, and music, neglecting state affairs. When Yu Yu returned and tried to remonstrate with the king, he was ignored. Frustrated, Yu Yu left for Qin, and Duke Miu welcomed him, appointing him as assistant premier in gathering information about Yong's military strength and land features. With the knowledge acquired, Duke Miu mobilized his army and attacked Yong, annexing 12 states and expanding his territory significantly. This gave rise to the saying, to indulge in women singers and neglect state affairs forecasts the catastrophe of state ruin. Now, let's address the meaning of leaving home for distant travels. In a past incident, while Viscount Tian Cheng was traveling at sea and enjoying himself, he issued a harsh order to all high officials, threatening death to anyone who mentioned going back home. Yan Chou Chu, however, raised concerns about the potential plot against the state by ministers at home while the ruler was away. He emphasized the importance of staying vigilant and maintaining the state's interests. Despite his loyal intentions, Viscount Tian Cheng took up a lance to attack Yan Chou Chu. The latter fearlessly stood his ground, reminding the ruler of historical examples where neglecting loyal advisors led to disastrous consequences. Touched by the wisdom and loyalty of Yan Chou Chu, the ruler abandoned his initial plans, returned home, and successfully secured the Qi state. This event gave rise to the saying, to leave home for distant travels and ignore remonstrance is the surest way to endanger one's position at home. The phrase, committing faults and turn no ear to loyal ministers, means to make mistakes and refuse to listen to the advice or counsel of faithful and loyal advisors. In the past, Duke Huan of Qi held nine meetings with the feudal lords, uniting all under heaven and becoming one of the five hegemonic rulers. Quan Cheng, his trusted advisor, assisted him during this period. However, as Quan Cheng grew old and couldn't attend to his duties, he retired to his home. Duke Huan visited him and asked about the succession of state affairs in case Quan Cheng couldn't return to work. Quan Cheng advised the duke not to appoint certain individuals as his successor. Pao Shu Ya was deemed unfit due to his harsh and inflexible nature, which wouldn't endear him to the people. Shu Tiao, who castrated himself to serve the harem, was not considered because he couldn't even love himself, let alone his master. Prince Kai Fang of Wei was also excluded because he neglected his parents for 15 years to serve the duke, indicating a lack of filial affection. Quan Cheng recommended Shi Peng as the right person for the role. He was steadfast in mind, honest in his dealings with people, content with few desires, and had a good reputation. Such qualities would set an example for others, qualify him for important positions, enable him to govern the masses effectively, and build friendly relations with neighboring states. Duke Huan agreed and decided to employ Shi Peng as his successor. In more than a year after Quan Cheng's death, Duke Huan did not choose Shi Peng as his successor but instead passed the reins of government to Shu Tiao. After three years of handling state affairs, Duke Huan traveled southward to Tangfu. At that time, Shu Tiao, along with Yi Ya, Prince Kai Fang of Wei, and other chief vassals, launched a rebellion. As a result, Duke Huan was imprisoned and died of thirst and hunger inside the heavily guarded bedchamber near the south gate. His body remained uncovered for three months until worms infested it. Despite Duke Huan's past military triumphs and his position as the first hegemonic ruler, he eventually faced betrayal by his ministers, lost his high reputation, and became a laughing stock in all under heaven. This downfall happened because he ignored the advice of Quan Cheng and failed to listen to his loyal ministers. The saying, to commit faults, turn no ear to loyal ministers, and enforce one's own opinions, destroys one's high reputation and sets people to laugh at one, reflects the consequences of Duke Huan's actions. Not consolidating the forces within one's boundaries means failing to unite and strengthen one's own allies and resources. In the past, when the state of Qin was attacking Yi Yang, the Han clan was in danger. Kung Chung Peng suggested to the ruler of Han that they should make peace with Qin through the help of Chong Yi. The plan involved offering Qin a famous city and joining their forces in a southward campaign against Chu. This strategy aimed to resolve their issues with Qin and weaken Qin's friendship with Chu. However, when the king of Chu learned of this plan, he became worried and sought counsel from Chen Chen. Chen Chen proposed a counterplan, suggesting that the king of Chu should send a goodwill envoy to the ruler of Han. They would present many chariots and precious gifts, claiming that Chu had already mobilized all its forces and hoped that Han, being a great country, would display high morale against the Qin invaders. This way, they expected Han to send a delegation to the Chu border to observe their mobilization. Han indeed sent a delegation to Chu, and in response, the king of Chu dispatched chariots and cavalry to the border. The Han delegation was instructed to inform the ruler of Han that Chu's troops were about to enter Han's territory. The ruler of Han was pleased with this display of support from Chu and halted Kung Chung from going westward. Kung Chung disagreed and believed that relying on Chu's empty promises while neglecting the real threat from Qin would endanger the country. However, the ruler of Han disregarded his advice, which angered Kung Chung. He decided not to visit the court for ten days. The situation in Yiyang became increasingly perilous, prompting the ruler of Han to send repeated envoys to Chu seeking reinforcements. Despite their efforts, Yiyang eventually fell, and the ruler of Han became a subject of mockery among the feudal lords. This situation led to the saying, not to consolidate the forces within one's boundaries but to rely on other feudal lords causes the country the calamity of dismemberment. The phrase, insulting big powers despite the smallness of one's own state, refers to a historical event involving Prince Chung Erh of Qin. While he was living in exile, he passed through the Cao state, where the ruler treated him disrespectfully. Shi Fu Kai and Shu Chan, who attended the meeting, warned the ruler of Cao about the potential consequences of mistreating the prince, as he might seek revenge when he regains power. However, the ruler of Cao did not heed their advice. Upon returning home, Shi Fu Qi's wife noticed his unhappiness and inquired about it. Shi Fu Kai explained the situation and expressed concern that the prince, once in power, might punish those who treated him poorly, including the Cao state. Inspired by his wife's words, Shi Fu Kai sent messengers with gifts to the prince of Qin to show him respect. The prince accepted the food but declined the jades, signaling that he still remembered the impolite treatment from Cao. From Cao, the prince traveled to Chu, and from Chu, he entered Qin. After staying in Qin for three years, Duke Mu of Qin called all his ministers for consultation. He expressed concern about the state's chaotic conditions since the passing of Duke Xian, and he feared that it might lead to neglect of their ancestral shrine and altar. To maintain his friendship with Qin and restore order to the country, Duke Mu decided to support Cheng Erh and install him as the ruler of Qin. The ministers agreed with this plan, and the duke raised an army to help Cheng Erh take the throne. After three years as the ruler, Cheng Erh attacked Cao. He demanded that Xu Qian be handed over to him as punishment for his past insult. At the same time, he assured Shi Fu Kai that his residential quarters would be spared during the attack if he displayed a sign on the gate. Due to Shi Fu Qi's respectfulness towards the prince, many families sought safety within his quarters during the conflict. Cao, being a small state between Qin and Chu, faced constant danger. However, its ruler, by showing discourtesy to the prince of Qin, paved the way for the extinction of his posterity. This led to the saying, to insult big powers despite the smallness of one's own country and take no advice from remonstrance paves the way to the extinction of one's posterity. Chapter 10 Solitary Indignation Those who understand the principles of tact are perceptive and observant. They can see through selfish motives and actions. Those capable of upholding the law are decisive and straightforward. They have the ability to correct wrongdoing and ensure fairness. Ministers who diligently perform their duties in accordance with orders and follow the laws are not referred to as heavy-handed men. The term is reserved for those who act without orders, pursue their own interests by breaking the law, misuse state resources for personal gain, and possess enough influence to manipulate their ruler. These are the so-called heavy-handed men. Men who possess a deep understanding of tact and keen observation can discern the true motives of these heavy-handed men if they are given the opportunity to advise and serve the ruler. Similarly, those who uphold the law and exhibit straightforwardness can rectify the crooked actions of these individuals if they are given the chance to influence the ruler. Therefore, when rulers rely on such capable advisors, noble and powerful ministers will undoubtedly rise in importance, leading to conflict and enmity between them and the authorities responsible for state affairs. If those in power control all aspects of the state, both those within and outside the court will be compelled to become their tools. The authorities' influence allows them to mediate negotiations with foreign feudal lords, advance the careers of government officials, control access to the ruler for courtiers, and influence the treatment of scholars. These four means are how wicked ministers enhance their status. The heavy-handed men cannot be truly loyal to the ruler to the extent that they would recommend their enemies, and the ruler cannot rise above the influence of the four means to discern the right type of ministers. Consequently, the more misguided the ruler becomes, the more powerful the chief vassals become. In general, those in power are often trusted and beloved by the ruler. They have longstanding relationships and familiarity with the ruler, which they use to gain favor by aligning their likes and dislikes with the ruler's preferences. They hold high-ranking positions, have numerous friends and allies, and are praised by the entire country. On the contrary, those who uphold the law and possess tact often lack the trust and favor of the ruler. They aim to reform the ruler's biased mindset through lectures on law and tact, which goes against the ruler's preferences. As a result, they usually find themselves in low and humble positions, without many allies, living a solitary and isolated existence. In reality, when distant and unfamiliar entities compete against those that are near and familiar, they have no logical reason to win. Newcomers and travelers, when contending with longstanding acquaintances and old friends, also lack a logical reason to prevail. Similarly, opponents of the sovereign's opinions, when contesting with his supporters who share the same preferences, have no valid grounds for winning. The weak and powerless, when confronting the mighty and influential, likewise lack a logical basis for victory. And an individual, when opposing the entire country, has no rational justification to win. Faced with these five disadvantages, advocates of law and tact may wait for years, yet still find themselves unable to have an audience with the ruler. Conversely, the authorities in power, benefiting from five advantages, can freely speak their minds to the throne whenever they wish. In such a scenario, how can advocates of law and tact distinguish themselves, and when will the ruler recognize his own mistakes? Given their unfortunate disadvantages and incompatibility with the authorities, how can advocates of law and tact avoid danger? Those who can be falsely accused of crimes are subject to punishment according to state laws, while those who cannot be indicted are targeted by private assassins. Therefore, those who uphold the principles of law and tact but act contrary to the ruler's preferences are either officially condemned or assassinated by private individuals. On the other hand, friends and supporters who form alliances with the purpose of deceiving the ruler and twisting their words to benefit themselves always gain the trust of the heavy-handed men. Consequently, those who can be credited with meritorious services are granted official positions, while those who lack a good reputation gain influence through foreign connections. Therefore, individuals who deceive the ruler and frequent private residences, if not celebrated with official positions, still wield power through foreign influence. In the current state of affairs, the ruler punishes advocates of law and tact without thoroughly investigating evidence and witnesses, while rewarding friends and supporters of the authorities without waiting for meritorious deeds. This discourages advocates of law and tact from risking their lives to present their ideas to the throne, while wicked ministers continue to pursue their personal advantages and maintain their positions. As a result, the more humble the ruler becomes, the more influential the private clans grow. Indeed, the Yu state was prosperous and had a strong army. Yet the rulers of every central state, recognizing that she was beyond their control, would say, She is not within our reach. The same applies to a state at present. No matter how vast its territory or how numerous its population, if the ruler is deluded and the chief vassals hold all power, that state is akin to Yu. If the ruler only perceives no resemblance of his own state to Yu but fails to recognize the similarity of states beyond his control to the state under his control, he lacks a thorough understanding of what resemblance truly means. People often speak of the fall of Kai and Qin. However, it does not mean that their lands and cities physically crumbled, but rather that the ruling power shifted from one clan to another. In the present day, if the chief vassals hold all the ruling power and decide on state policies without the sovereign's knowledge of how to reclaim his prerogatives, it is a sign of the ruler's lack of intelligence. Just like someone who catches the same diseases as those who died cannot survive, and a state that shows the same symptoms as ruined ones cannot exist. Thus, those who follow in the footsteps of Kai and Qin, even if they wish to secure and preserve their states, will find it an unattainable task. This difficulty in enacting law and tact is not limited to rulers of large states but also affects rulers of smaller ones. As the attendants of the ruler are not necessarily wise or worthy, seeking counsel from supposed wise men and discussing their words with attendants is like presenting wisdom to fools. Similarly, showing respect to supposed worthy men and discussing their deeds with attendants is like presenting worthiness to ruffians. When wise and worthy men have to seek approval from fools and ruffians, their merits are devalued, and the ruler's conclusions become flawed. Among the subjects aspiring to official positions, refined and wise men would maintain their integrity and advance their careers through eloquence and competence. They do not seek to please others with bribes or bend the law to enter governmental service. Instead, they rely on their integrity and eloquence to gain recognition. Consequently, refined and intelligent men neither bribe attendants nor comply with private requests. However, the attendants of the ruler are not as upright in conduct as po'ai. If they do not receive the expected bribes and favors, the merits of integrity and eloquence in refined and intelligent men are overlooked, and instead, false accusations and slander emerge. When the merits of eloquence are stifled by courtiers and the virtues of integrity are judged by slanderers, capable and intelligent magistrates may be removed, and the ruler's sagacity may be undermined. When the ruler values wisdom and virtue not based on meritorious services or through proper investigation and testimony but merely listens to the words of courtiers and attendants, incapable men fill the court, and corrupt and unintelligent magistrates occupy all positions. The biggest threat to a ruler of a large state is the excessive power of the chief vassals. Similarly, for a ruler of a smaller state, the danger lies in placing too much trust in the attendants. These threats are common to all rulers. Moreover, whether ministers commit major offenses or the ruler has serious faults, their interests often clash. The ruler aims to appoint capable individuals to office, reward distinguished service, and have heroic men demonstrate their abilities. On the other hand, the ministers are interested in securing employment without competence, obtaining wealth and honor without merit, and furthering their own agendas through friends and partisans. As a result, when the state is dismembered, private families become enriched, and when the ruler loses influence, the ministers gain control over the state. When the ruler takes on the title of a feudatory vassal, the prime minister manipulates power for his own benefit. All of this leads to ministers trying to deceive the ruler and serve their If the ruler were to change the circumstances, not even two or three out of ten chief vassals in the present age would remain in favor with him. This is because the crimes committed by ministers are severe. Ministers guilty of major offenses must have deceived their sovereign, and such crimes warrant the death penalty. Wise men, who are farsighted and fear death, would never obey such heavy-handed men. Similarly, worthies, who value personal integrity and are ashamed of joining wicked ministers in deceiving the sovereign, would never obey the chief vassals. Those who follow and depend on the authorities must either be ignorant of the impending calamity or be corrupt and have no qualms about committing wicked deeds. The chief vassals control these foolish and corrupt individuals, collaborating with them to deceive the ruler from above and exploit the masses from below. Their friends and partisans engage in treasonable acts, manipulate the ruler with unified words, and disregard the law, causing turmoil among the gentry and commoners. All these actions push the state towards danger and dismemberment in the ruler towards hardship and disgrace. This amounts to a major offense. When ministers commit such major offenses and the ruler fails to suppress them, it becomes a serious fault on the ruler's part. If both the ruler and ministers engage in such serious faults and offenses, it becomes nearly impossible to prevent the state from going to ruin.