Ancient Egyptian STARGATES BURIED in the DESERT around Cairo

Ancient origins of the Egyptian empire. How the greatest monuments on earth were built under mysterious circumstances. Osiris became pharaoh of Egypt with Ishtar and they built Luxor. Did you ever wonder what pre-pharaonic Egypt and its rulers were really like? Not according to mainstream scholarship, but according to ancient texts written thousands of years ago. Long before the first mortal pharaoh comprehended as Minis Name governed over the lands of Egypt, there were other kings, deities, and those who originated from above, who governed over the land we know today as Egypt. For most scholars and Egyptologists, the pre-pharaonic period remains a baffling mystery, mainly because what is written directly contradicts the beliefs of most historians, archaeologists, and Egyptologists. Until the first official pharaoh appeared in Egypt in 3000 BC, Egypt was a fascinating mystery. Ancient Egyptians considered their civilization to be a legacy of gods who originated from somewhere else in the cosmos, and pre-pharaonic Egypt appears to support this theory. The Papyrus of Turin, which documents all the pharaohs who ruled ancient Egypt, is one of the most significant ancient texts telling us more about this time in history. Not only does this list include all the official historic pharaohs of ancient Egypt, but it also includes the deities or gods. They came from heaven and reigned over the lands of Egypt until the first mortal pharaoh of Egypt with a genealogy that spread over 13,000 years. Why do mainstream scholars view this ancient text as pure myth, and why are most details overlooked and omitted from history books? They appear to have no ancestors or periods of development. They seem to appear overnight. Scientists believe that by calculating the decrypted information obtained from the Papyrus of Turin, we can calculate the first period of This is the first ruler of ancient Egypt, dating back 39,000 years. According to Egyptology and official historiography, everything from the pre-dynastic period is a myth lacking historical evidence. Another ancient text that mentions pre-dynastic rulers of ancient Egypt is the Palermo Stele. It even mentions the Egyptian god Horus, showing that he was a physical ruler of ancient Egypt thousands of years ago. Ancient Egypt was ruled by another Egyptian god Thoth from 8,670 to 7,100 BC. High priest Manetho, who had access to innumerable ancient texts from the ancient library of Alexandria and wrote the history of ancient Egypt in 30 volumes for the pharaoh, refers to the divine beings who ruled during the pre-pharaonic Egypt. Nowadays, Egyptologists also use Manetho's dating system, since they consider it reliable when studying the officially recognized dynasties. The same Egyptologists have avoided anything related to prehistoric dynasties, selecting specific details and adopting them as their own. They also reject anything that does not adhere to their view of history. Today's Egyptologists also use Manetho's dating, which they consider a reliable tool when studying the officially recognized dynasties. Scholars today believe Manetho to be the father of Egyptology. Ancient Egyptian history can be viewed from two different perspectives. Scholars accept one and deny the other. Ancient royal lists provide a history of Egypt's rulers. In Abydos, the royal list of Abydos, on the temple of Sethos I's wall, gives us a chronological order of 76 rulers from Menes to Sethos I. We also have the Karnak royal list, found in the Louvre, containing 61 rulers from Menes to Thutmose III. These two lists provide us with insight into Upper Egypt's tradition. According to Saqqara, 47 kings preceded and included Ramses II. This list is completed by the royal list of Karnak found in the Louvre, which lists 61 rulers from Menes to Thutmose III. These two lists offer insight into the tradition of Upper Egypt. The Turin papyrus is more significant than any of the above. Written on the verso of the papyrus is a hieratic text which accounts Ramses II's reign, which gives the approximate date circa 1200 BC. Since the script on the papyrus is excellent, it must have been an artistically beautiful exemplar in its original state. In the papyrus are the names of over 300 kings, giving the length of each reign in years, months, and days. As the complete edition of the papyrus has not yet been published, further study should yield different results. Like Manetho, the papyrus begins with dynasties of gods, followed by mortal kings also in dynasties. The papyrus opens, like Manetho, with the dynasties of gods observed by dynasties of mortal kings. In this book, the change of dynasty is noted, and the sum of the reigns is given. Like in Manetho, several dynasties are added collectively, some of the kings from Menes to Unas at the end of dynasty V. The composition on the papyrus is like that in the epitome of Manetho. Several fascinating details are revealed in Manetho's account of the so-called divine Egyptian rulers and their dynasties, which he divides into three categories. There are gods, those who fought, there are shining ones, creator gods. Eusebius, patriarch of Caesarea in Palestine, and Cynsalus also wrote of a lineage of gods who ruled on earth for 36,000 years. Afterward, the pharaohs of ancient Egypt ruled as mortals. A King's List Turin King List or Turin Royal Canon is a unique papyrus currently in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, written in hieratic, hence it is a modern name. There are over 160 fragments, many of which have been lost. It appeared intact when discovered in the Theban necropolis in 1822 by Italian traveller Bernardino Draveti. By the time the object became part of the collection of the Egyptian Museum in Turin, its condition had severely deteriorated. King List of Turin It was first recognized as necessary by the French Egyptologist Jean-François Champollion, who later was followed by Gustavus Seifarth, who took up its reconstruction and restoration. While they arranged most of the fragments correctly, their diligence came too late, and many cavities remain in the papyrus. The recto contains a list of names of persons and institutions, along with what appears to be tax assessments for each. Written during the long rule of Rameses II, the papyrus is estimated to be 1.7m in length and 0.41m in height. The papyrus's verso is the most exciting part. It contains a list of gods, demigods, spirits, mythical and human kings who were thought to rule Egypt since before time began, until the composition of this crucial document perhaps. Now that the beginning and end of the list are lost, we do not know whether there was ever an introduction to the list and an enumeration of the kings following the 17th dynasty. Because this list of kings was written on the verso after the tax list was composed on the recto, we cannot know when it was collected. There is a possibility that this took place during the reign of Rameses II, but it could have occurred as late as the 20th dynasty. Because this list of kings was written on the verso after the tax list was composed on the recto, we cannot know when it was collected. The list was scribbled on an older papyrus, which suggests it was of no great importance to the writer. Could a scribe have copied it through exercises? We do not know what sources our scribe used to compile the list. Was he copying an existing papyrus? If so, for what reason? Additionally, what has become of the original? What is the process for compiling that? Is it possible that the scribe, having access to the temple archives, compiled the list using old tax notes, decrees, and other documents? The scribe compiled the list himself using old tax notes, decrees, and documents in the temple archives. The latter possibility is less likely, and would show that the Turin king list is unique. Several other lists list the predecessors of a king, such as those in the temples of Seti I and Rameses II at Abydos, to name but two. So what makes the Turin king list so unique? The other lists are valuable for studying ancient Egyptian chronology, but they are nothing but an enumeration of the ancestors of the current king. There is often an image of the current king or one of his contemporaries adoring the cartouches or representations of the king's ancestors. The present king is the ideal heir, since he respects his long line of ancestors. The word ancestor cannot be taken literally, since the current king was not a descendant of most of his predecessors. Lists like these were more cultic and political. The current king is the rightful heir to the kings who ruled Egypt for centuries. Rather than enumerating all kings, these lists focus on cultic predecessors. King Menes and King Mentuhotep II, who played pivotal roles in ancient Egypt's history, will most likely be included. Some of the lesser known kings, usurpers, or illegitimate kings, such as the Amarna Revolution, were remitted. Besides listing some kings, the Turin king list groups them and mentions their reigning periods. Some otherwise unpopular kings have left off the cultic lists, such as Hyksos. Even though it begins with the list of gods, demigods, spirits, and mythical beings who are supposed to have governed Egypt before Menes' rule, it was not a cult list, and it serves no function other than to show that the current king is the rightful heir to his ancestors. Initially, there were an unknown number of columns or sheets to the Turin king list, of which only 11 remain. There were at least 25 lines in columns 1 to 5, at least 27 lines in column 6. In addition, there were at least 30 lines of text in columns 9 and 10. The Turin king list has initially been divided into an unknown number of columns or sheets, of which only 11 have survived. A scribe must have realized that his papyrus would not be large enough to write all the royal names known to him in 25 or 26 lines. This is especially true as the canon nears its end. Cartouches usually contain the name of a particular king. The number of years he ruled is followed by months and days. Many kings of the first and second dynasties are credited with such long reigns that they are probably not accurate. Some had speculated that this high number of years is not a reflection of how long a king reigned, but his age when he died. While this cannot be ruled out entirely, it is strange that the writer notes the age of a king in one instance and a duration of his rule in another. It would seem that the scribe mistook the ancient king's year labels as representations of different years when they most likely referred to the same year. The names of the first three dynasties are also written in a cartouche, although cartouche names were not used before the rule of Huni, the last king of the third dynasty. These king's cartouche names are often similar to those of the cultic king lists, but they are pretty different from their official Horus names. For the later kings of the first dynasty, the Turin king list appears to be based on their Nebti name, but there is no data on how the earlier kings of the first dynasty and the other kings of the second and third dynasties got their names. According to where they lived, the kings are arranged logically by city. Interestingly, these groups do not entirely correspond to the dynasties Manetho placed the kings into. According to the city where they lived, the kings are grouped logically. This shows that the notion of dynasties was not present or fully developed before the 19th or 20th dynasty. Groups usually include a line that totals the number of years in power. Some summaries are written on one line, others on two lines, and sometimes on one line so long that it infringes on the next column. Sometimes a group is introduced by a heading. It might result from the fragmentary nature of the canon that there are far fewer headings than summations. There may be more to this inconsistency than an error by the scribe who copied the list. The Turin King List is among our most reliable sources of knowledge about the chronology of Egypt between the 1st and 17th dynasties, despite its incompleteness and fragmentary nature. These pages contain a hieroglyphic transcription of the part of the Turin King List which lists actual kings. The transcription is based on the Turin King List by Alan H. Gardner. Despite being a relatively old publication, the first edition was published in the late 1950s, the arrangement proposed by Gardner is still widely accepted by Egyptologists today. Since his publication, several fragments have been placed. The canon will not yet reflect this change.