The massive January 2022 eruption of Hunga volcano in the Kingdom of Tonga took the world by surprise.

It blasted a plume more than 50 km into the atmosphere, sent pressure waves around the globe, and generated a series of tsunamis, devastating parts of Tonga and killing at least three people.

But one of the most important things we’ve learned since this historic event is that these tsunamis did not all stem from the same cause.

The first were generated by enormous explosions during the opening stages of the eruption. On nearby Tongatapu, waves with run-ups of one to four meters began arriving within minutes.

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