Cao Cao is remembered as one of the most formidable military strategists and statesmen of the Three Kingdoms era. Historical sources also record that he had 25 sons.

With so many children, how did he decide which ones deserved greater responsibility?

In his “Order Concerning My Sons,” Cao Cao explained his approach plainly: while his children were young, he loved them equally. As they grew older, however, he judged them by their abilities and used those who proved capable.

This was more than an ideal. Cao Cao’s treatment of several of his sons shows he was willing to look beyond affection and recognize that different talents suited different responsibilities.

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