Did the founders of the United States intend to create a Christian nation?

Political leaders who addressed on May 17, 2026, : House Speaker Mike Johnson led the crowd in “rededicat(ing) the United States of America as one nation under God.”

Some, and perhaps many, scholars : that while many founders were religious, as a group they concluded that the national government should not support any particular faith.

As , I believe that history provides an answer. European colonizers in lands that became the United States did link church and state. But the architects of the new nation broke from that idea as surely as they broke from Britain.

‘Doctrine of Discovery’

The European desire to expand the boundaries of Christendom played a central role in the Colonial era, as I describe in .”

That drive , who sailed west in 1492. Upon landing in the Bahamas, he laid claim to already populated territories, “as he foresees that so many souls of so many people heretofore lost are to be saved.”

,” proclaimed by the Vatican in 1493, granted European monarchs title over lands occupied by non-Christians and urged them to convert the people who lived there.

New church

Less than a generation later, the Protestant Reformation transformed Christianity, dividing Europe and .

In England, the schism reshaped the relationship between church and state. King Henry VIII in the 1530s. He ordered the , and his followers defaced church statues of Catholic saints.

After Henry rejected Rome’s authority, Parliament passed , which made the monarch the leader of an independent national church, .

Queen Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter, . Her desire to promote her Protestant faith, along with a yearning to expand England’s political authority, helped fuel a vicious , where the Reformation’s teachings had not taken hold.

Protestant migrants

The desire to promote Protestantism also figured in English plans for the colonization of North America.

In the 1580s, an expedition arrived on the Outer Banks of what is now North Carolina. They were eager to learn about the region’s natural resources and its peoples. English colonial planners also hoped to convert Carolina Algonquians, and to keep Catholics away. A small group of Jesuit priests had already tried to establish a mission on a tributary of Chesapeake Bay in 1571, but they were .

Thomas Harriot, who when he arrived in 1585, believed that Carolina Algonquians would convert to Protestantism. In fact, he wrote, Native people were so eager to accept the faith that they grabbed a Bible “to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it to their bre(a)sts” in order to absorb the lessons it contained.

In 1607, the Virginia Company of London established a settlement at Jamestown, promising, according to , that colonization would lead to “the conversion and reduccion of the people in those partes unto the true worshipp of God and Christian religion.” To advance their goal, they tried to bar anyone holding “the superstitions of the Churche of Rome.” Colonists had to swear the oath of supremacy to the English monarch, which meant accepting the Church of England.

Within a generation, other Protestants arrived in English America, including critics of the Church of England who are now often called “Pilgrims.” Puritans, who migrated soon after, . Persecuted in England for their dissenting views, they arrived eager to demonstrate to the world that they knew the , based on their interpretation of Scripture.

Among these migrants was John Winthrop, a leader of the Massachusetts Bay colony. In 1630, he wrote what became in early America – although he was not a minister and likely never delivered it to a congregation.

Winthrop advocated . As he put it, drawing on the Bible’s , “We shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.” Colonists’ failure, he suggested, would be a victory for the enemies of God.

Competition for American souls

English advocates of colonization were aware that . Protestants feared that Rome’s influence might spread across the East Coast, moving southward from French Canada and northward from Spanish Florida. While English authorities , especially to Maryland, their Colonies remained Protestant strongholds.

No single official church establishment stretched across the 13 Colonies that would eventually join in the American Revolution. But church and state were closely related in each.

Towns across New England taxed residents , which evolved out of Puritan traditions. Colonial governments established the Church of England and in 1693.

Pennsylvania’s promised that law-abiding people would not be persecuted for their religious views or forced to worship. But those who held public office needed to “possess faith in Jesus Christ.” Even Rhode Island, famous for its tradition of tolerance, specified in that residents should edify “themselves, and one another, in the holie Christian faith.”

A revolutionary achievement

By the mid-1770s, many Colonial Americans decided that the time had come to . Many also wanted to separate church and state.

In 1777, just a year after he drafted the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson wrote . As he put it, one’s ability to serve the public should “have no dependance on our religious opinions, any more than on our opinions in physics or geometry.” When the statute became law in Virginia in 1786, it protected freedom of worship and ended .

, written in Philadelphia in 1787, forbade any . , which became part of the Constitution in late 1791, held that Congress “shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”

The leaders of the American Revolution . But had they wanted public support of religious institutions, they had plenty of models at hand – including the Church of England.

They decided, instead, that a durable republic could best survive if politics and religion inhabited different spheres. This recognition contradicted almost two centuries of Colonial practice, making it among the most radical achievements of the founding era.