Cimabue 契馬布埃 1251 1302 Proto Renaissance Byzantine Italy

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Cimabue (Italian: [tʃimaˈbuːe]; c. 1240 – 1302), also known as Cenni di Pepo or Cenni di Pepi, was a Florentine painter and designer of mosaics.
Although heavily influenced by Byzantine models, Cimabue is generally regarded as one of the first great Italian painters to break from the Italo-Byzantine style. While art of this period consists of scenes and forms that appeared relatively flat and highly stylized, Cimabue's figures were depicted with more advanced lifelike proportions and shading compared to other artists of his time. According to Italian painter and historian Giorgio Vasari, Cimabue was the teacher of Giotto, the first great artist of the Italian Proto-Renaissance. However, many scholars today tend to discount Vasari's claim, citing earlier sources which suggest this was not the case.
Little is known about Cimabue's early life. One source that recounts his career is Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, though the accuracy of what it has to say is uncertain.
He was born in Florence and died in Pisa. Hayden Maginnis speculates he could have trained in Florence under masters culturally connected to Byzantine art. Many scholars today discount Vasari's claim that he later had Giotto as his pupil, citing earlier sources which suggest this was not the case.
Italian art historian Pietro Toesca attributed the Crucifixion in the church of San Domenico in Arezzo to Cimabue, dating around 1270, making it the earliest known attributed work that departs from the Byzantine style. Cimabue's Christ is bent and the clothes have the golden striations introduced by Coppo di Marcovaldo.
Around 1272 Cimabue is documented as being present in Rome, and a little later he made another Crucifix for the Florentine church of Santa Croce. Now restored, having been damaged by the 1966 Arno River flood, this work was larger and more advanced than the one in Arezzo, with traces of naturalism perhaps inspired by the works of Nicola Pisano. In the same period (c. 1280), Cimabue painted the Maestà, originally displayed in the church of San Francesco at Pisa, but now at the Louvre. This work established a style which was followed subsequently by numerous artists, including Duccio di Buoninsegna in his Rucellai Madonna (in the past wrongly attributed to Cimabue), as well as Giotto. Other works from this period, which were said to have heavily influenced Giotto, include a Flagellation (Frick Collection), mosaics for the Baptistery of Florence (now largely restored), the Maestà at the Santa Maria dei Servi in Bologna and the Madonna in the Pinacoteca of Castelfiorentino. A workshop painting, perhaps assignable to a slightly later period, is the Maestà with Saints Francis and Dominic currently housed in the Uffizi. ....
Cimabue 契馬布埃（Giovanni Cimabue 意大利語：[tʃimaˈbuːe]，亦稱：Cenni di Pepo[1]或Cenni di Pepi[2]；1240年－1302年）意大利佛羅倫薩最早的畫家之一。 他原為鑲嵌畫匠，相傳為喬托的老師。所作《聖母和天使》、《聖母和聖·佛蘭西斯》等，具有拜占庭繪畫末期風格，又帶有一些情味，對意大利文藝復興時期的藝術，具有前奏的意義。