How the Mongols were defeated? Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam PART 1
How the Mongols were defeated? Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam (PART 1)
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How the Mongols were defeated? Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam (PART 1). In 1258, the Mongol Empire, at the height of its power, turned its gaze toward Đại Việt, modern-day Vietnam. Commanded by Uriyangkhadai, the Mongol forces expected swift conquest. Instead, they encountered fierce resistance from the Trần Dynasty, which led to a humiliating defeat. This unexpected setback forced Uriyangkhadai to retreat to Mongolia, regrouping with the empire's supreme leaders: the Great Khan Möngke and his brother, Kublai. Together, they devised an alternative strategy for their campaign against the Southern Song Dynasty.
How the Mongols were defeated? Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam (PART 1). The court of Đại Việt, under the wise leadership of King Trần Thái Tông, foresaw the storm on the horizon. The Mongol conquest of the Southern Song was not a question of if but when. Having already subdued vast territories across Asia, the Mongols stood poised to dominate the entire region when they crushed the Southern Song. Faced with this imminent threat, Đại Việt, despite its victory, sought a path of diplomacy to safeguard its sovereignty.
How the Mongols were defeated? Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam (PART 1). Kublai Khan conferred upon King Trần Thái Tông the title of "King of Annam", as a vassal state. Alongside this symbolic gesture, he granted precious gifts: three pieces of Western brocade and six of golden silk. This gesture represented both a political gesture and a material display of Mongol wealth.
When the envoys of Đại Việt visited the Mongol court, they constantly faced the arrogant demands of the Mongols, leveraging their overwhelming military power. To maintain peace, Đại Việt continued to send numerous delegations to Mongolia, presenting a façade of submission while cleverly avoiding direct acknowledgment of Mongol dominance. When King Trần Thánh Tông ascended to the throne, Uriyangkhadai sent the envoy Nur-ud Din with a demand that the king personally travel to the Mongol court. However, the Đại Việt court cleverly responded by citing the king’s illness, thus tactfully declining the request.
Nur-ud Din was assigned to the Mongol administration in subjugated regions. His role was entirely symbolic—without any subordinates or real authority. His mission was limited to surveillance, governance, and intelligence gathering about the kingdom. The Đại Việt court managed to win him over, reducing his influence to that of a mere messenger, without any real impact on the sovereignty of Đại Việt.
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