傑·文化-中國南疆之旅8: 土和高速沿途地貌 Kit.Culture-Trip to S Xinjiang,China 8: Landforms along the Tuhe Expressway

在新疆旅遊，最美風景不一定只能在景點看得到。旅途上，我樂於在旅遊車上外望沿路風光。旅程第2天從烏努木齊沿吐和(吐魯番至和田)高速前往庫爾勒市途中，在一段山谷路段行走時，只見右方一條季節性水道沿路山巒起伏，怪石嶙峋，沉積岩層摺疊扭曲，再經千萬年風吹水蝕，從而形成千姿百態的雅丹地貌，令人驚嘆大自然鬼斧神功的超奇力量。

新疆的地形地貌可以概括為“三山夾兩盆”：北面是阿爾泰山，南面是昆侖山，天山橫貫中部，把新疆分為南北兩部分，習慣上稱天山以南為南疆，天山以北為北疆。南疆的塔里木盆地面積53萬平方公裡，是中國最大的內陸盆地。位於塔里木盆地中部的塔克拉瑪乾沙漠，面積約33萬平方公裡，是中國最大、世界第二大流動沙漠。貫穿塔里木盆地的塔里木河長約2100公裡，是中國最長的內陸河。北疆的準噶爾盆地面積約38萬平方公裡，是中國第二大盆地。準噶爾盆地中部的古爾班通古特沙漠面積約4.8萬平方公裡，是中國第二大沙漠。水域面積5500平方公裡，其中博斯騰湖水域面積980平方公裡，是中國最大的內陸淡水湖。在天山東部和西部，還有被稱為“火洲”的吐魯番盆地和被譽為“塞外江南”的伊犁谷地。位於吐魯番盆地的艾丁湖，低於海平面154米，是中國陸地最低點。片片綠洲分佈於盆地邊緣和河流流域，總面積約占全區面積的4.2%。

來源: 新疆政府網頁

雅丹”在維吾爾語中的意思是“具有陡壁的小山包”。雅丹地貌現泛指乾燥地區一種風蝕地貌，河湖相土狀沉積物所形成的地面，經風化作用、間歇性流水沖刷和風蝕作用，形成與盛行風向平行、相間排列的風蝕土墩和風蝕凹地（溝槽）地貌組合。

雅丹地貌是新疆羅布泊地區的一種特殊的地貌形態，是一種典型的風蝕性地貌。除新疆外、中國西北地區甘肅、內蒙古、青海等都有丹地貌分佈。

“雅丹”這一專業名詞自斯文赫定（Sven Hed in）自1903年正式提出，並為地學工作者逐漸接受，進行研究以來，迄今已有百餘年的歷史。該事件後來入選了《中國國家地理》雜志社與中國地理學會共同發起了“中國地理百年大發現”評選。

來源: 百度百科

When traveling in Xinjiang, the most beautiful scenery may not only be seen at scenic spots. During the trip, I enjoyed looking out at the scenery along the road from the tourist bus. On the second day of the journey, on the way from Unumqi to Korla City along the Tuhe (Turpan to Hotian) Expressway, while walking in a valley section, I saw a seasonal waterway on the right with undulating mountains, rugged rocks, and folded and twisted sedimentary rock layers. , and then millions of years of wind and water erosion, forming various Yadan landform, which are amazing to the extraordinary power of nature.

The topography of Xinjiang can be summarized as "three mountains and two basins": the Altai Mountains to the north, the Kunlun Mountains to the south, and the Tianshan Mountains running through the middle, dividing Xinjiang into north and south parts. It is customary to call the south of the Tianshan Mountains Nanjiang, and the north of the Tianshan Mountains Northern Xinjiang. The Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang covers an area of ​​530,000 square kilometers and is the largest inland basin in China. The Taklimakan Desert, located in the middle of the Tarim Basin, covers an area of ​​approximately 330,000 square kilometers. It is the largest mobile desert in China and the second largest in the world. The Tarim River, which runs through the Tarim Basin, is about 2,100 kilometers long and is the longest inland river in China. The Junggar Basin in northern Xinjiang covers an area of ​​approximately 380,000 square kilometers and is the second largest basin in China. The Gurbantunggut Desert in the central Junggar Basin covers an area of ​​approximately 48,000 square kilometers and is the second largest desert in China. The water area is 5,500 square kilometers, of which Bosten Lake has a water area of ​​980 square kilometers. It is the largest inland freshwater lake in China. To the east and west of the Tianshan Mountains, there are the Turpan Basin, known as the "Fire Continent", and the Ili Valley, known as the "Jiangnan beyond the Great Wall". Aydin Lake, located in the Turpan Basin, is 154 meters below sea level and is the lowest point on land in China. Pieces of oases are distributed on the edge of the basin and in the river basin, with a total area accounting for approximately 4.2% of the entire region.

Source: Government Webpage of Xinjiang

"Yadang" means "hill with steep walls" in Uyghur. Yadan landform now generally refers to a wind-eroded landform in dry areas. The ground is formed by earthy sediments of rivers and lakes. It has been weathered and intermittent water flow Scouring and wind erosion have formed a landform combination of wind-eroded mounds and wind-eroded depressions (troughs) arranged in parallel and alternately with the prevailing wind direction.

The Yadan landform is a special landform in the Lop Nur area of ​​Xinjiang and a typical wind-eroded landform. In addition to Xinjiang, Dan landforms are distributed in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, etc. in northwest China.

The professional term "Yadan" has been officially proposed by Sven Hedin in 1903, and has been gradually accepted by geoscientists and has been studied for more than a hundred years. The event was later selected into the "Century of Chinese Geographic Discoveries" jointly launched by China National Geographic magazine and the Chinese Geographical Society.

Source: Baidu Encyclopedia